Patient Characteristics
Demographics are summarized in Table 1 and clinical information in Table 2. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed 31 patients in 26 manuscripts from the years 1975 to 2021.4,8-32 Most studies originated from East Asia (22/26). A review of tertiary institutions identified nine patients from five academic institutions in the USA (Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH; St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA; Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA) and one patient from Brazil (Federal University of São Paulo, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, BR). Of the 41 total patients, mean age was 9.9 years (range, newborn to 35 years). The majority (90.2%) of patients were < 18 years of age. Age was unreported in one patient. A male predominance was noted (61%).
Sixteen patients had germinomas (39%), 16 had NGGCTs (39%) and eight had teratomas (19.5%); tumor histology was not reported for one patient. Of the NGGCTs, seven were YSTs (17%), two were embryonal carcinomas (4.9%), one was a STGC (2.4%), three were mixed GCTs (7.3%) and three were unspecified (7.3%). Of the teratomas, five were immature (12.2%), one was mature (2.4%) and two were unspecified (4.9%). Thirteen tumors were localized to the basal ganglia (31.7%), seven the posterior fossa (17%), three the pineal region (7.3%) and eight the sellar or suprasellar region (19.5%). Other tumors were localized to the third ventricle, fourth ventricle and cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Six patients (14.6%) presented with multiple intracranial lesions: basal ganglia/thalamus, basal ganglia/frontal lobe, pineal/suprasellar, pineal/CPA and ventral midbrain/CPA/pineal. Of these six patients, two had additional metastatic disease to the spine. One tumor was localized to the sellar region with spinal metastases.