Wing shape variation across the four melanic morphs of B. dorsalis
We obtained a significant difference of B. dorsalis wing shape between the sexes and across the four melanic morphs (Table 2). The first two dimensions of the canonical variate analysis that explained 87.2 % of the total wing shape difference separated B. dorsalisbased on their sex and morphs (Fig. 4A). In Male flies, all the pairwise permutation tests performed using the Procrustes distances showed a significant divergence of wing shape of the different male morphs (Fig. 4B.i). An illustration from the thin plate spline deformation grid depicted this deformation (Fig. 5A). For instance, while landmarks 11, 12, 13 and 14 were undergoing expansion movement in the morphs 1, 2 and 3, the same landmarks contracted in morph 4 (Fig. 5A). In females, except individuals from morphs 2 and 3 that showed no difference in their wing shape (P=0.2 ), all the other two-by-two comparisons were significant (Fig. 4Bii). For illustration, landmarks 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of morphs 1 and 2 were more contracted as compared to those of morphs 3 and 4 (Fig. 5B).
Table 2. MANOVA table illustrating the significant difference of B. dorsalis wing shape across the four groups and between the sexes.