References
1. Flenady V, Wojcieszek AM, Middleton P, Ellwood E, Erwich JJ, Coory M,
Khong TY, Silver RM, Smith GCS, Boyle FM, Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Leisher
SH, Gross MM, Horey D, Farrales L, Bloomfield F, McCowan L, Brown SJ,
Joseph KS, Zeitlin J, Reinebrant HE, Cacciatore J, Ravaldi C, Vannacci
A, Cassidy J, Cassidy P, Farquhar C, Wallace E, Siassakos D, Heazell
AEP, Storey C, Sadler L, Petersen S, Frøen JF, Goldenberg RL, for The
Lancet Ending Preventable Stillbirths study group, The Lancet
Stillbirths In High-Income Countries Investigator Group. Stillbirths:
recall to action in high-income countries. The Lancet
2016;387(10019):691–702.
2. Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network Writing Group. Causes of
death among stillbirths. JAMA 2011;306(22):2459–68.
3. Reddy UM, Page GP, Saade GR, Silver RM, Vanessa R Thorsten VR, Parker
CB, Pinar H, Willinger M, Stoll BJ, Heim-Hall J, Varner MW, Goldenberg
RL, Bukowski R, Wapner RJ, Drews-Botsch CD, O’Brien BM, Dudley DJ, Levy
B, NICHD Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network. Karyotype versus
microarray testing for genetic abnormalities after stillbirth. N Engl J
Med 2012;367(23):2185–93.
4. Stanley KE, Giordano J, Thorsten V, Buchovecky C, Thomas A, Ganapathi
M, Liao J, Dharmadhikari AV, Revah‑Politi A, Ernst M, Lippa N, Holmes H,
Povysil G, Hostyk J, Parker CB, Goldenberg R, Saade GR, Dudley DJ, Pinar
H, Hogue C, Reddy UM, Silver RM, Aggarwal V, Allen AS, Wapner RJ,
Goldstein DB. Causal Genetic Variants in Stillbirth. N Engl J Med
2020;383(12):1107–16.
5. Bhattacharya S, Amalraj Raja E, Ruiz Mirazo E, Campbell DM, Lee AJ,
Norman JE, Bhattacharya S. Inherited predisposition to spontaneous
preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115(6):1125–33.
6. Wu W, Witherspoon DJ, Fraser A, Witherspoon DJ, Fraser A, Clark EAS,
Rogers A, Stoddard GJ, Manuck TA, Chen K, Esplin SM, Smith KR, Varner
MW, Jordy LB. The heritability of gestational age in a two-million
member cohort: implications for spontaneous preterm birth. Hum Genet
2015;134(7):803–8.
7. Porter TF, Fraser AM, Hunter CY, Ward RH, Varner MW. The risk of
preterm birth across generations. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90(1):63–7.
8. Svensson AC, Pawitan Y, Cnattingius S, Reilly M, Lichtenstein P.
Familial aggregation of small-for-gestational-age births: the importance
of fetal genetic effects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194(2):475–9.
9. Wikström A-K, Svensson T, Kieler H, Cnattingius S. Recurrence of
placental dysfunction disorders across generations. Am J Obstet Gynecol
2011;205(5):454.e1-8.
10. Ananth CV, Jablonski K, Myatt L, James M. Roberts JM, Tita ATN,
Leveno KJ, Reddy UM, Varner MW, Thorp JM, Mercer BM, Peaceman, Ramin SM,
Carpenter MW, Samuels P, Sciscione A, Tolosa JE, Saade G, Sorokin Y,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Risk of Ischemic
Placental Disease in Relation to Family History of Preeclampsia. Am J
Perinatol 2019;36(6):624–31.
11. Chesley LC, Annitto JE, Cosgrove RA. The familial factor in toxemia
of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1968;32(3):303–11.
12. Nilsson E, Salonen Ros H, Cnattingius S, Lichtenstein P. The
importance of genetic and environmental effects for pre-eclampsia and
gestational hypertension: a family study. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol
2004;111(3):200–6.
13. Esplin MS, Fausett MB, Fraser A, Kerber R, Mineau G, Carrillo J,
Varner MW. Paternal and maternal components of the predisposition to
preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2001;344(12):867–72.
14. Woolner AMF, Raja EA, Bhattacharya S, Danielian P, Bhattacharya S.
Inherited predisposition to stillbirth: an intergenerational analysis of
26,788 mother-daughter pairs. Am J Obstet Gynecol
2019;220(4):393.e1-393.e7.
15. Haig D. Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Q Rev Biol
1993;68(4):495–532.
16. Utah Population Database. Utah Population Database - Huntsman Cancer
Institute | University of Utah. (2021, July 8).
https://uofuhealth.utah.edu/huntsman/utah-population-database/.
17. Silver RM, Branch DW, Goldenberg R, Iams JD, Klebanoff MA.
Nomenclature for pregnancy outcomes: time for a change. Obstet Gynecol
2011;118(6):1402–8.
18. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), Dundon ML, Gay GA,
George JL, editors. The 1978 revision of the U.S. standard certificates.
Hyattsville, Md. : Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health
Statistics ; For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O; 1983.
19. Guide to Completing the Facility Worksheets for the Certificate of
Live Birth and Report of Fetal Death (2003 revision). [Internet].
2006;Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/GuidetoCompleteFacilityWks.pdf
20. DuVall SL, Fraser AM, Rowe K, Thomas A, Mineau GP. Evaluation of
record linkage between a large healthcare provider and the Utah
Population Database. J Am Med Inform Assoc JAMIA 2012;19(e1):e54-59.
21. Reddy UM, Ko C-W, Willinger M. Maternal age and the risk of
stillbirth throughout pregnancy in the United States. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 2006;195(3):764–70.
22. Fretts RC, Schmittdiel J, McLean FH, Usher RH, Goldman MB. Increased
maternal age and the risk of fetal death. N Engl J Med
1995;333(15):953–7.
23. Kerber RA. Method for calculating risk associated with family
history of a disease. Genet Epidemiol 1995;12(3):291–301.
24. Lange K, Sinsheimer JS. Calculation of genetic identity
coefficients. Ann Hum Genet 1992;56(4):339–46.
25. Coon H, Darlington T, Pimentel R, Smith KR, Huff CD, Hu H,
Jerominski L, Hansen J, Klein M, Callor WB, Byrd J, Bakian A, Crowell
SE, McMahon WM, Rajamanickam V, Camp NJ, McGlade E, Yurgelun-Todd D,
Grey T, Gray D. Genetic risk factors in two Utah pedigrees at high risk
for suicide. Transl Psychiatry 2013;3:e325.
26. Wapner RJ, Lewis D. Genetics and metabolic causes of stillbirth.
Semin Perinatol 2002;26(1):70–4.
27. Miskovic S, Culic V, Konjevoda P, Pavelic J. Positive reproductive
family history for spontaneous abortion: predictor for recurrent
miscarriage in young couples. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
2012;161(2):182–6.
28. Pouta A, Järvelin M-R, Hemminki E, Sovio U, Hartikainen A-L. Mothers
and daughters: intergenerational patterns of reproduction. Eur J Public
Health 2005;15(2):195–9.
29. Woolner AMF, Raja EA, Bhattacharya S, Danielian P, Bhattacharya S.
Inherited susceptibility to miscarriage: a nested case-control study of
31,565 women from an intergenerational cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol
2020;222(2):168.e1-168.e8.
30. Jirtle RL, Skinner MK. Environmental epigenomics and disease
susceptibility. Nat Rev Genet 2007;8(4):253–62.
31. Wilkins-Haug L. Genetic innovations and our understanding of
stillbirth. Hum Genet 2020;139(9):1161–72.
32. Adams MM, Wilson HG, Casto DL, Berg CJ, McDermott JM, Gaudino JA,
McCarthy BJ. Constructing reproductive histories by linking vital
records. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145(4):339–48.
33. McLellan T, Jorde LB, Skolnick MH. Genetic distances between the
Utah Mormons and related populations. Am J Hum Genet 1984;36(4):836–57.
Table 1 . The top 10 high-risk pedigrees with statistically
significant evidence for familial aggregation of stillbirth.