Influence of moonlight on temporal overlap intensity
We calculated the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) at each trap site as the number of detections per 100 camera-trap days of every species in the two seasons (Yang et al., 2019) (Table 2). Each camera trap was considered as an independent spatial point for determining animal nocturnal activity by selecting records occurring between sunset and sunrise. The clock time of sunrise and sunset varies slightly over the course of the year depending on distance from the equator and time of year. To account for these successive changes of daylight hours throughout the year (Nouvellet et al., 2012), we used the ‘sunTime’ function of the ‘overlap’ package version 0.3.2 in R to map times to radians for analysis (see (Meredith and Ridout, 2020) for details). The activity pattern of each species was fitted non-parametrically as kernel density functions with the package ‘Overlap’ using the default bandwidth parameters (Meredith and Ridout, 2014, Meredith and Ridout, 2020), following the assumption that animals are equally likely to be ‘trapped’ throughout any period of their activity (Linkie and Ridout, 2011). Circular density curves were compared using the coefficient of overlapping (‘overlap coefficient’∆), with values ranging from 0 (no overlap) to 1 (complete overlap), as proposed by (Ridout and Linkie, 2009). Lunar activity was categorized using Moonrise 3.5 software (Free data source https://moonrise.informer.com)  to obtain the moon phase for each observation based on moon phase data stamped on camera trap images, location of study area and its date. Moon phase was scaled to radians so that 0 corresponds to New Moon, π/2 as First Quarter, π as Full Moon, and 3π/2 as Last Quarter, as described by (Pratas‐Santiago et al., 2017, Prugh and Golden, 2014) and further details to see the conceptual model in (e.g. Figure 2).
We estimated the overlap coefficient (∆) for nocturnal activity between leopard-prey species pairs and night vs daytime for each species sets at four moon phases. In addition, to test the predictions of the predation risk and visual acuity hypotheses, we computed the number of independent records in each quarter of the moon phase for each species at the night by dividing the moon phase cycle from 0 to 2π using four identical quadrants centered on every moon phase (for illustration: First Quarter from 1/4 π to 3/4π). The percentage of records in each lunar phase for each species was calculated, with the assumption that lack of any pattern would be shown by 25% of activity occurring during each of the four lunar phases. A deviation from 25% activity during the full moon phase was interpreted as follows: (1) species with less than or equal to 20% of records during full moon were classified as lunar phobic; (2) those with more than or equal to 30% of records during full moon were considered lunar philic (e.g; Figure 2), and; (3) species that did not qualify as lunar phobic or lunar philic exhibited no pattern or irregular (Prugh and Golden, 2014).