Figure 4 . Dispersion relation curves of BTRW with periods of 25-40 days. The purple shading indicates theoretically possible ranges of frequency and wavenumber for TIW-induced BTRW. A large red circle corresponds to the 33-day period BTRWs. Blue and pink small circles are wavenumbers estimated from numerical results Ubt and Vbt. Green and black solid (dashed) arrows are, respectively, phase and group velocities of TIW-induced BTRW obtained from Ubt (Vbt).
5 Conclusion
Using long-term in-situ near-bottom current measurements, this study provides new evidence to confirm that the TIW-induced BTRWs propagate their energy northward above 10°N in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The filtered time series of in-situ near-bottom current velocity shows that the TIW-induced BTRWs induce a maximum velocity of approximately 3 cm/s at the near bottom and have variations similar to those of TIWs. Our results can be the answer to the question about whether barotropic waves can actually exist in the deep ocean where the near-bottom velocities are close to zero due to bottom boundary condition (LaCasce, 2017).
It has been also evidenced from numerical simulation that this energy propagation was caused by the BTRWs, which showed inter-annual variations because the waves were derived from TIWs. The inter-annual variations of filtered velocity from numerical simulation and filtered in-situ observation suggest that the abyssal ocean responds to climate change, ENSO over the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
Our observation suggests that TIW-induced BTRWs transported the energy of the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean to the abyssal ocean in high latitudes. The effects of TIWs transported to the abyssal ocean in a low energy environment, due to the lesser vertical gradient of density and variation of current, can lead to turbulence (Aleynik et al., 2017). The response of the bottom current is meaningful in that it is possible to affect the advection of abyssal resources, because the mooring observation site is located in the Clarion-Clippertone zone. Thus, the long-term in-situ near-bottom current velocity is also expected to improve the understanding of the distributions of mineral deposits and be used as an evaluation element in terms of abyssal mining.
Acknowledgments
Supports for this research were provided by “Test of long-term monitoring system installation for oceanic environmental changes caused by accelerated sea-ice melting in the Chukchi Sea (20210540)”, and also grant 19992001 funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries of Korea.
Open Research
The filtered near-bottom current velocity data used in figures can be downloadedhttps://github.com/KNLeeinha/KOMO_CM.gitand will be deposited Zenodo permanently if the manuscript is accepted. A newly gridded SSH data product was provided by Farrar et al. (2021), athttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4541592. GLORYS12V1 reanalysis data were provided by the CMEMS, from their web site athttps://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021.
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