Figure 2
Direct endothelial protection by SGLT-2i’s :
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i’s) have favourable
effects on endothelial cells (ECs), including (1) inhibition of reactive
oxidative species (ROS) production, (2) prevention of the inflammatory
reaction, (3) restoration of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and (4)
modulation of angiogenesis. Anti-oxidative effects of SGLT-2i’s might be
mediated via inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
oxidases (NOXs), sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE), and mitochondrial
fission. The anti-inflammatory effect of SGLT-2i’s is hallmarked with
downregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and
intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), reduction in cytokine
secretion, and prevention of monocyte-endothelium adhesion. SGLT-2i’s
might restore NO bioavailability of endothelial cells via improving
phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and
scavenging ROS (Created with Biorender.com).