Study site and fecal sample collection
The samples for this study were collected from Ella Island (72° 50’ N, 25° 00’ W; Figure 1A), which is located in East Greenland, during August in 2019. Ella Island presents a dry environment with low temperatures not exceeding 10℃ even during summer (Kottek et al., 2006). In Willow, grasses, sedges, especially dwarf shrubs are dominant vegetation (Arndal et al., 2009).