The programming paradigm of DBS in TS has been seldom studied and programming remains empirical. In previous studies, patients were mostly treated with high frequency stimulation (130 Hz or above). Lower frequency stimulation could prolong the battery life and be better tolerated. Sun and colleagues studied the effect of low frequency (65Hz) stimulation of the GPi and showed a median reduction of the YGTSS of  58.2% at one year, and an improvement of YBOCS of 48.4%, which is in line with reports of DBS at higher frequencies  \citep{Sun_2022}
The outcomes of DBS in GTS patients under 18 years are increasingly documented. Srinivas and colleagues reported the case of a 14-year-old boy with severe tics, auto-mutilations and comorbid OCD and ADHD who underwent DBS of the anteromedial GPi. He had substantial improvement of both tics and OCD at 6 months \citep{Srinivas_2022}