Statistical analysis
Univariate analyses were conducted to describe and compare the demographic factors, anthropometric measurements, medical history, OGTT readings, GV and GC parameters between group diagnosed with GDM and the group without GDM. Group differences were evaluated using Student’s t -test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables, and the chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical variables. Descriptive statistics for numerical variables were presented as mean (SD), or median (interquartile range) and n (%) for categorical variables. Statistically significant results were determined at 2-sided p <  0.05, and p<0.01 were described as non-significant trends. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software version 13.1 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).