Maternal data collection
Participants were followed up at the recruitment visit in the first
trimester of pregnancy (9-13 weeks) and at 18-23 weeks gestation in the
second trimester of pregnancy. Questionnaires were administered to
collect information on demographics, socio-economic status, lifestyle,
obstetric and medical history. Pre-pregnancy weight was self-reported
while height at early pregnancy was measured in the prenatal care clinic
at KKH using the Avamech B1000-M. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI;
kg/m2) was calculated as pre-pregnancy weight (kg)
divided by height2 (m2).