METHODS
The Integrating the Use of Calibration-Free Continuous Monitoring for Pregnancy Glucose Profiling (I-PROFILE) study recruited 118 pregnant Singapore citizens or permanent residents in their first trimester of pregnancy between December 2018 and April 2021. This longitudinal, observational study was conducted in KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital which is a major public hospital in Singapore. Inclusion criteria included women of Chinese, Malay or Indian descent, aged 21 and above with singleton pregnancies. Persons with serious skin conditions (e.g., eczema) that might interfere with the compliance to the study, or those with pre-existing chronic diseases (e.g., kidney disease, Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes) were excluded from participation. The study was approved by the Sing Health Centralised Institutional Review Board (reference number 2018/2128). All participants gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
In the first trimester and second trimester, there were 51 and 44 pregnant women with complete continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) outcomes, respectively (Figure 1). A subset of n=43 with complete CGM data at both time points were used for sensitivity analyses.