Human monkeypox is a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus resembling smallpox in
clinical course, making it difficult to distinguish it from smallpox and
varicella. Laboratory diagnostics are critical components of illness
identification and surveillance, and novel tests are required for more
precise and quick diagnosis. The majority of human infections occur in
Central Africa, where monitoring in remote regions with little
infrastructure is challenging but may be performed using evidence-based
methods and teaching materials that educate public health personnel on
the fundamental principles of this infection. New medications and
vaccinations showed promising results for the treatment and prevention
of the disease, but more studies are required to show their efficacy in
the actual endemic settings. Thus, more studies are needed on the
virus's epidemiology, ecology, and biology in endemic locations to
better understand and prevent human infections. This review discussed
the etiology, epidemiology, and clinical course of the monkeypox and
indicated diagnostic and treatment approaches for this disease.