References
- Ruan X. Drug-related side effects of long-term intrathecal morphine
therapy. Pain Physician. 2007 Mar;10(2):357-66. PMID: 17387357.
- Turner JA, Sears JM, Loeser JD. Programmable intrathecal opioid
delivery systems for chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review of
effectiveness and complications. Clin J Pain. 2007 Feb;23(2):180-95.
doi: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000210955.93878.44. PMID: 17237668.
- Winkelmüller M, Winkelmüller W. Long-term effects of continuous
intrathecal opioid treatment in chronic pain of nonmalignant etiology.
J Neurosurg. 1996 Sep;85(3):458-67. doi: 10.3171/jns.1996.85.3.0458.
PMID: 8751633.
- Gay ML. Spinal morphine in nonmalignant chronic pain: a retrospective
study in 39 patients. Neuromodulation. 2002 Jul;5(3):150-9. Doi:
10.1046/j.1525-1403.2002.02025.x. PMID: 22150812.
- Uppal GS, Haider TT, Dwyer A, Uppal JA. Reversible urinary retention
secondary to excessive morphine delivered by an intrathecal morphine
pump. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994 Mar 15;19(6):719-20. doi:
10.1097/00007632-199403001-00013. PMID: 8009339.
- Baldini G, Bagry H, Aprikian A, Carli F, Warner D, Warner M;
Postoperative Urinary Retention: Anesthetic and Perioperative
Considerations. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:1139–1157 doi
https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819f7aea.
- Raffaeli W, Marconi G, Fanelli G, Taddei S, Borghi GB, Casati A.
Opioid-related side-effects after intrathecal morphine: a prospective,
randomized, double-blind dose-response study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006
Jul;23(7):605-10. doi: 10.1017/S026502150600038X. Epub 2006 Mar 1.
PMID: 16507190.
- Kuipers PW, Kamphuis ET, van Venrooij GE, van Roy JP, Ionescu TI,
Knape JT, Kalkman CJ: Intrathecal opioids and lower urinary tract
function: A urodynamic evaluation. Anesthesiology 2004; 100:1497–503.
- Jackson, J., Davies, P., Leggett, N., Nugawela, M.D., Scott, L.J.,
Leach, V., Richards, A., Blacker, A., Abrams, P., Sharma, J., Donovan,
J., & Whiting, P. (2019, February). Systematic review of
interventions for the prevention and treatment of postoperative
urinary retention: Prevention and treatment of postoperative urinary
retention. BJS Open , 3 (1),
11-23.https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs5.50114.
Disclaimer: This research was supported (in whole or in part) by HCA
Healthcare and/or an HCA Healthcare affiliated entity. The views
expressed in this publication represent those of the author(s) and do
not necessarily represent the official views of HCA Healthcare or any of
its affiliated entities.