3.3 Seasonal dynamics
At the landscape scale, all diversity metrics were similar among the three forest types during all seasons (Fig. 6). At the site scale, all diversity metrics (mean value) were lowest in the plantation forest and highest in the primary or secondary forests during all seasons (Fig. 6). As for community structures, in most cases, SES.MPD and SES.MFD values were close to zero, while SES.MPD values were significantly less than zero in the primary forests in spring and summer (Fig. 7).