Figure 4 The independent contribution (%) of each predictor calculated with hierarchical partitioning. ***P < 0.001. (a): effects of predictor variables on the first emergence time, (b): effects of predictor variables on the mid-emergence time, (c): effects of predictor variables on the final return time. LIFE: light intensity of first emergence, LISS: light intensity of sunset, LS: lactation stage (lactation or post-lactation), PAPDD: presence or absence of predators during dusk, PHNHM: predation risk stages in mid-emergence, LIFR: light intensity at final return, PAPDA: presence or absence of predators during dawn, LISR: light intensity at sunrise.