Proximate composition analyses
Moisture contents were determined gravimetrically according to AOCS Ba 2-38 (AOCS, 2017). Oil contents were determined using a pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR) spectrometer (Bruker minispec, Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA). The spectrometer was calibrated using aliquots of oil extracted from silflower seeds. Crude protein content (Dumas % N x 6.25) of solid samples was determined using LECO 2600 (LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI following AOCS Ba 4e-93 (AOCS, 2017). Ash contents were analyzed according to AOAC method 942.05 (AOAC, 2003). Oil, crude protein and ash contents were reported as percent of dry matter. Determinations were done in triplicate for each component. Total carbohydrate content was calculated by the difference (100 – sum of oil, crude protein and ash content).