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\begin{document}

\title{Freezing or death feigning? Beetles selected for long death-feigning
duration showed other tactics against different predators}



\author[1]{Masaya Asakura}%
\author[1]{Kentarou Matsumura}%
\author[1]{Ryo Ishihara}%
\author[1]{Takahisa Miyatake}%
\affil[1]{Okayama University - Tsushima Campus}%


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  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Prey evolve anti-predator strategies against multiple enemies in nature.
We examined how a prey species adopts different predation avoidance
tactics against pursuit or sit-and-wait predators. As prey, we used two
strains of Tribolium beetles artificially selected for short or long
duration of death feigning. The results showed that, as prey, the short
strains displayed the same behavior, escaping, against the two types of
predators. On the other hand, death feigning is known to be effective
for evading a jumping spider in the case of the long strains, while the
present study showed that the long strain beetles used freezing behavior
against a sit-and-wait type predator A. venator in this study. The short
strain beetles were more easily orientated by predators and suffered a
higher rate of predation than the long strains. The time to predation
was also shorter in the short strains compared to the long strains. When
the predator was starved, even the long strains were preyed upon when
the predator was orientated toward the prey, suggesting the starvation
period, i.e., prey density, is an important factor for antipredator
behavior. Traditionally, death feigning has been thought to be the last
resort in a series of anti-predator avoidance behaviors. However, our
results showed that freezing and death feigning were not parts of a
series of behavior, but independent behaviors against different
predators, at least for these beetles. The results also suggest that the
differences in feeding rates between the strains could be explained by
differences in activity among the strains.%
\end{abstract}%



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