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\begin{document}

\title{Pan-European phylogeography of the European roe deer (Capreolus
capreolus)}



\author[1]{Kamila Plis}%
\author[1]{Magdalena Niedziałkowska}%
\author[1]{Tomasz Borowik}%
\author[2]{Johannes Lang}%
\author[3]{Mike Heddergott}%
\author[4]{Juha Tiainen}%
\author[5]{Aleksey Bunevich}%
\author[6]{Nikica Šprem}%
\author[7]{Ladislav  Paule}%
\author[8]{Aleksey Danilkin}%
\author[8]{Marina Kholodova}%
\author[8]{Elena Zvychaynaya}%
\author[8]{Nadezhda Kashinina}%
\author[9]{Boštjan Pokorny}%
\author[10]{Katarina Flajšman}%
\author[11]{Algimantas Paulauskas}%
\author[12]{Mihajla Djan}%
\author[12]{Zoran Ristić}%
\author[13]{Luboš Novák}%
\author[14]{Szilvia Kusza}%
\author[15]{Christine Miller}%
\author[16]{Dimitris Tsaparis}%
\author[17]{Stoyan Stoyanov}%
\author[18]{Maryna Shkvyria}%
\author[19]{Franz Suchentrunk}%
\author[13]{Miroslav Kutal}%
\author[20]{Vukan Lavadinović}%
\author[21]{Dragana Šnjegota}%
\author[22]{Ana-Maria Krapal}%
\author[23]{Gabriel Dănilă}%
\author[24]{Rauno Veeroja}%
\author[25]{Elżbieta Dulko}%
\author[1]{Bogumiła Jędrzejewska}%
\affil[1]{Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[2]{Liebig-University Giessen}%
\affil[3]{Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle}%
\affil[4]{University of Helsinki}%
\affil[5]{State National Park Belovezhskaya Pushcha}%
\affil[6]{University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture}%
\affil[7]{Technical university in Zvolen Faculty of Forestry}%
\affil[8]{Russian Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[9]{College of Environmental Protection}%
\affil[10]{Slovenian Forestry Institute}%
\affil[11]{Vytautas Magnus University}%
\affil[12]{University of Novi Sad Faculty of Science and Mathematics}%
\affil[13]{Mendel University in Brno}%
\affil[14]{University of Debrecen}%
\affil[15]{Bureau of Wildlife Biology}%
\affil[16]{Hellenic Center for Marine Research}%
\affil[17]{University of Forestry}%
\affil[18]{Kyiv Zoological Park of National Importance}%
\affil[19]{University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna}%
\affil[20]{University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry}%
\affil[21]{University of Banja Luka Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics}%
\affil[22]{Muzeul National de Istorie Naturala Grigore Antipa}%
\affil[23]{Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava}%
\affil[24]{Estonian Environment Agency}%
\affil[25]{University of Virginia Health System}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
To provide the most comprehensive picture of species phylogeny and
phylogeography of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), we analysed
mtDNA control region (610 bp) of 1469 samples of roe deer from Central
and Eastern Europe and included into the analyses additional 1541 mtDNA
sequences from GenBank from other regions of the continent. We detected
two mtDNA lineages of the species: European and Siberian one (an
introgression of C. pygargus mtDNA into C. capreolus). The Siberian
lineage was most frequent in eastern part of the continent and declined
towards Central Europe. The European lineage contained three clades
(Central, Eastern and Western) composed of 2 to 8 subclades, many of
which were separated in space. The Western clade appeared to have a
discontinuous range from Portugal to Russia. Most of the subclades in
the Central and the Eastern clades were under expansion during the
Weichselian glacial period before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), while
the expansion time of the Western clade overlapped with the Eemian
interglacial. High genetic diversity of extant roe deer is the result of
their survival during the LGM in a large, contiguous range spanning from
the Iberian Peninsula to the Caucasus Mts. and in two northern refugia.%
\end{abstract}%



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