Parameter | Observation | References |
Ultrastructure | morphological changes to endothelium, astrocytes, and pericytes | Garbuzova-Davis 2007a, Nicaise 2009 |
↓ structural proteins in the basement membrane (e.g. collagen IV, laminin-1) | Garbuzova-Davis 2007b, Miyazaki 2011, Nicaise 2009 | |
Tight junctions | ↓ mRNA or protein expression | Miyazaki 2011, Zhong 2008, Nicaise 2009 |
Leakiness | ↑ Evans Blue extravasation | Garbuzova-Davis 2007b, Nicaise 2009 |
Efflux transporter P-gp |
↑ expression and activity
|
Milane 2010, Jablonski 2012, Jablonski 2014, Chan 2017
|
BCRP | no change to expression and activity | Milane 2010, Chan 2017 |
↑ expression and activity | Jablonski 2012 |