Table 2. Evidence of CNS barrier modifications in ALS from rodent models.
Parameter Observation References
Ultrastructure morphological changes to endothelium, astrocytes, and pericytes Garbuzova-Davis 2007a, Nicaise 2009
↓ structural proteins in the basement membrane (e.g. collagen IV, laminin-1) Garbuzova-Davis 2007b, Miyazaki 2011, Nicaise 2009
Tight junctions ↓ mRNA or protein expression Miyazaki 2011, Zhong 2008, Nicaise 2009
Leakiness ↑ Evans Blue extravasation Garbuzova-Davis 2007b, Nicaise 2009
Efflux transporter P-gp
↑ expression and activity
Milane 2010, Jablonski 2012, Jablonski 2014, Chan 2017
BCRP no change to expression and activity Milane 2010, Chan 2017
↑ expression and activity Jablonski 2012