Field experiment set-up
To assess the individual and interactive effects of the two stressors herbivory and lack of pollination on faba bean, we conducted a cage experiment in 2020 in a faba bean field in Uppsala, Sweden (59°50’29.12”N; 17°42’02.44”E). We conducted a fully-crossed two-factor field experiment, with presence and absence of herbivores (H+/H-) and pollinators (P+/P-), where H+ and P- were the stressed level of each factor. Each H and P treatment combination had seven replicates (N=28 in total), arranged in seven blocks, with one treatment combination per block (Fig. S2). We used 2x2x2 m cages covered with a nylon net (mesh size: 0.6x0.6 mm) to control the access of the herbivores and pollinators to the crop. Faba beans seeds (cultivar: Tiffany, Scandinavian Seed) were planted in the field on the 24th of April (plant density per m2: mean±sd = 58.4±8.5), and plants were treated with the fungicide Signum (0.5 kg.ha-1, BASF; 267 g.kg-1boscalid + 67 g.kg-1 pyraclostrobin) on the 15th of June, before flowering (BBCH-51) and prior to bumblebee hive inclusion, to avoid negative impacts on pollinators (Fisher et al., 2021).