Herbivore inoculation
B. rufimanus were collected over two weeks in early June from faba bean crops in the southern region of Västergötland, where they had already colonised the earlier flowering fields. In the H+ treatment cages (N=14), 45 B. rufimanus individuals per m2 (0.77 individuals per plant) were inoculated on the 16th of June, before crop bloom (BBCH-51:59). This pest density was chosen based on surveys of B. rufimanusconducted by the Swedish Board of Agriculture in 55 faba bean fields across Sweden between 2016-2019, which found that maximum naturally occurring pest incidences in commercial faba bean fields were 0.5-1B. rufimanus per plant, depending on the region. To control for herbivores in the H- treatment (N=14), cages were checked for B. rufimanus and any individual was removed prior to pollinator supplementation. No other faba bean crop pests, such as aphids, were detected in the cages.