References
1. Yeh CH, de Wit K, Levy JH, et al. Hypercoagulability and coronavirus disease 2019-associated hypoxemic respiratory failure: Mechanisms and emerging management paradigms. J Trauma Acute Care Surg.2020;89(6):e177-e181.
2. Li X, Li T, Wang H. Treatment and prognosis of COVID-19: Current scenario and prospects (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2021;21(1):3.
3. Nitzan M, Romem A, Koppel R. Pulse oximetry: fundamentals and technology update. Med Devices (Auckl). 2014;7:231-239.
4. Hess DR. Pulse Oximetry: Beyond SpO2. Respir Care.2016;61(12):1671-1680.
5. Chan ED, Chan MM, Chan MM. Pulse oximetry: understanding its basic principles facilitates appreciation of its limitations. Respir Med. 2013;107(6):789-799.
6. Wilson-Baig N, McDonnell T, Bentley A. Discrepancy between Sp O2 and Sa O2 in patients with COVID-19. Anaesthesia. 2020;[Epub ahead of print].
7. Thijssen M, Janssen L, Noble J, N F. Facing SpO2 and SaO2 discrepancies in ICU patients: is the perfusion index helpful? J Clin Monit Comput. 2020;34 (4):693-698.
8. Seguin P, Le Rouzo A, Tanguy M, Guillou YM, Feuillu A, Malledant Y. Evidence for the need of bedside accuracy of pulse oximetry in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(3):703-706.
9. Van de Louw A, Cracco C, Cerf C, et al. Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med.2001;27(10):1606-1613.
10. Yossef Hay O, Cohen M, Nitzan I, et al. Pulse Oximetry with Two Infrared Wavelengths without Calibration in Extracted Arterial Blood.Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(10).
11. Gandhi RT, Lynch JB, Del Rio C. Mild or Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(18):1757-1766.
12. National Institutes of Health COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines: Clinical Spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. 2020. Accessed 5 February 2020.
13. Wilson BJ, Cowan HJ, Lord JA, Zuege DJ, Zygun DA. The accuracy of pulse oximetry in emergency department patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Emerg Med.2010;10:9.
14. Mutlu GM, Sznajder JI. Pseudohypoxemia: interpretation of discrepancies between SaO(2) and SpO(2). Tuberk Toraks.2005;53(2):185-189.
15. NHS England. Specialty guides for patient management during the coronavirus pandemic: Guidance for the role and use of non-invasive respiratory support in adult patients with COVID19 (confirmed or suspected) Publications approval reference: 001559. 2020.
16. Turkey Ministry of Health Guidelines: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Infection) Treatment of Adult Patients 12 October 2020. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39061/0/covid-19rehberieriskinhastatedavisipdf.pdf. Accessed 8 February 2021.
17. Philip KEJ, Bennett B, Fuller S, et al. Working accuracy of pulse oximetry in COVID-19 patients stepping down from intensive care: a clinical evaluation. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7(1).
18. Lowenstein CJ, Solomon SD. Severe COVID-19 Is a Microvascular Disease. Circulation. 2020;142(17):1609-1611.
19. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-1418.
20. Escher R, Breakey N, Lammle B. Severe COVID-19 infection associated with endothelial activation. Thromb Res. 2020;190:62.
21. Brust M, Aouane O, Thiebaud M, et al. The plasma protein fibrinogen stabilizes clusters of red blood cells in microcapillary flows.Sci Rep. 2014;4:4348.
22. Lominadze D, Dean WL, Tyagi SC, Roberts AM. Mechanisms of fibrinogen-induced microvascular dysfunction during cardiovascular disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2010;198(1):1-13.
23. Angstwurm MW, Reininger AJ, Spannagl M. D-dimer as marker for microcirculatory failure: correlation with LOD and APACHE II scores.Thromb Res. 2004;113(6):353-359.
24. Esmon CT. The impact of the inflammatory response on coagulation.Thromb Res. 2004;114(5-6):321-327.
25. Gorlinger K, Dirkmann D, Gandhi A, Simioni P. COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy and Inflammatory Response: What Do We Know Already and What Are the Knowledge Gaps? Anesth Analg. 2020;131(5):1324-1333.
26. Ji P, Zhu J, Zhong Z, et al. Association of elevated inflammatory markers and severe COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(47):e23315.
27. Mudatsir M, Fajar JK, Wulandari L, et al. Predictors of COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res.2020;9:1107.
28. Broman N, Rantasarkka K, Feuth T, et al. IL-6 and other biomarkers as predictors of severity in COVID-19. Ann Med. 2020:1-5.
29. Seifi S, Khatony A, Moradi G, Abdi A, Najafi F. Accuracy of pulse oximetry in detection of oxygen saturation in patients admitted to the intensive care unit of heart surgery: comparison of finger, toe, forehead and earlobe probes. BMC Nurs. 2018;17:15.
30. Ascha M, Bhattacharyya A, Ramos JA, Tonelli AR. Pulse Oximetry and Arterial Oxygen Saturation during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(10):1992-1997.
31. Singh AK, Sahi MS, Mahawar B, Rajpurohit S. Comparative Evaluation of Accuracy of Pulse Oximeters and Factors Affecting Their Performance in a Tertiary Intensive Care Unit. J Clin Diagn Res.2017;11(6):OC05-OC08.