Derek R. Lovley^1,2* Pier-Luc Tremblay³ Xinying Liu^2,4

¹Electrobiomaterials Institute, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials

(Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.

²Department of Microbiology and Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS)

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.

³School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Life Science

Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

⁴College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University,

Beijing 100083, China

*Corresponding author: dlovley@umass.edu