References
1. Caruso TJ, Janik LS, Fuzaylov G. Airway management of recovered pediatric patients with severe head and neck burns: a review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):462-8.
2. Prakash S, Mullick P. Airway management in patients with burn contractures of the neck. Burns. 2015;41(8):1627-35.
3. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Bhagrath R, Hodzovic I, McNarry AF, Mir F, O’Sullivan EP, Patel A, Stacey M, Vaughan D. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for awake tracheal intubation (ATI) in adults. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(4):509-28.
4. Park CD, Lee HK, Yim JY, Kang IH. Anesthetic management for a patient with severe mento-sternal contracture: difficult airway and scarce venous access -A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013;64(1):61-4.
5. Smith CE, Fallon WF, Jr. Sevoflurane mask anesthesia for urgent tracheostomy in an uncooperative trauma patient with a difficult airway. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47(3):242-5.
6. Siddiqui N, Arzola C, Friedman Z, Guerina L, You-Ten KE. Ultrasound Improves Cricothyrotomy Success in Cadavers with Poorly Defined Neck Anatomy: A Randomized Control Trial. Anesthesiology. 2015;123(5):1033-41.
7. Rosenstock CV, Thogersen B, Afshari A, Christensen AL, Eriksen C, Gatke MR. Awake fiberoptic or awake video laryngoscopic tracheal intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airway management: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(6):1210-6.
8. Liu HH, Zhou T, Wei JQ, Ma WH. Comparison between remifentanil and dexmedetomidine for sedation during modified awake fiberoptic intubation. Exp Ther Med. 2015;9(4):1259-64.
9. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, Blitt CD, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, Benumof JL, Berry FA, Bode RH, Cheney FW, Guidry OF, Ovassapian A. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(2):251-70.
10. Law JA, Morris IR, Brousseau PA, de la Ronde S, Milne AD. The incidence, success rate, and complications of awake tracheal intubation in 1,554 patients over 12 years: an historical cohort study. Can J Anaesth. 2015;62(7):736-44.
11. Fiadjoe JE, Nishisaki A, Jagannathan N, Hunyady AI, Greenberg RS, Reynolds PI, Matuszczak ME, Rehman MA, Polaner DM, Szmuk P, Nadkarni VM, McGowan FX, Jr., Litman RS, Kovatsis PG. Airway management complications in children with difficult tracheal intubation from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation (PeDI) registry: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(1):37-48.
12. Joseph TT, Gal JS, DeMaria S, Jr., Lin HM, Levine AI, Hyman JB. A Retrospective Study of Success, Failure, and Time Needed to Perform Awake Intubation. Anesthesiology. 2016;125(1):105-14.
13. Xue FS, Yuan YJ, Wang Q, Liu JH, Liao X. Comments on ”Propofol versus sevoflurane for fiberoptic intubation under spontaneous breathing anesthesia in patients difficult to intubate”. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011;77(4):470-1; author reply 472-3.
14. Cattano D, Lam NC, Ferrario L, Seitan C, Vahdat K, Wilcox DW, Hagberg CA. Dexmedetomidine versus Remifentanil for Sedation during Awake Fiberoptic Intubation. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:753107.
15. Gupta B, Kohli S, Farooque K, Jalwal G, Gupta D, Sinha S, Chandralekha. Topical airway anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation: Comparison between airway nerve blocks and nebulized lignocaine by ultrasonic nebulizer. 1. Caruso TJ, Janik LS, Fuzaylov G. Airway management of recovered pediatric patients with severe head and neck burns: a review. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22: 462-8.
2. Prakash S, Mullick P. Airway management in patients with burn contractures of the neck. Burns 2015; 41: 1627-35.
3. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Bhagrath R, Hodzovic I, McNarry AF, Mir F, O’Sullivan EP, Patel A, Stacey M, Vaughan D. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for awake tracheal intubation (ATI) in adults. Anaesthesia.2020 04 ;75(4):509-528.
4. Park CD, Lee HK, Yim JY, Kang IH. Anesthetic management for a patient with severe mento-sternal contracture: difficult airway and scarce venous access -A case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2013; 64: 61-4.
5. Smith CE, Fallon WF, Jr. Sevoflurane mask anesthesia for urgent tracheostomy in an uncooperative trauma patient with a difficult airway. Can J Anaesth 2000; 47: 242-5.
6. Siddiqui N, Arzola C, Friedman Z, Guerina L, You-Ten KE. Ultrasound Improves Cricothyrotomy Success in Cadavers with Poorly Defined Neck Anatomy: A Randomized Control Trial. Anesthesiology 2015; 123: 1033-41.
7. Rosenstock CV, Thogersen B, Afshari A, Christensen AL, Eriksen C, Gatke MR. Awake fiberoptic or awake video laryngoscopic tracheal intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airway management: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 1210-6.
8. Liu HH, Zhou T, Wei JQ, Ma WH. Comparison between remifentanil and dexmedetomidine for sedation during modified awake fiberoptic intubation. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9: 1259-64.
9. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, Blitt CD, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, Benumof JL, Berry FA, Bode RH, Cheney FW, Guidry OF, Ovassapian A. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology 2013; 118: 251-70.
10. Law JA, Morris IR, Brousseau PA, de la Ronde S, Milne AD. The incidence, success rate, and complications of awake tracheal intubation in 1,554 patients over 12 years: an historical cohort study. Can J Anaesth 2015; 62: 736-44.
11. Fiadjoe JE, Nishisaki A, Jagannathan N, Hunyady AI, Greenberg RS, Reynolds PI, Matuszczak ME, Rehman MA, Polaner DM, Szmuk P, Nadkarni VM, McGowan FX, Jr., Litman RS, Kovatsis PG. Airway management complications in children with difficult tracheal intubation from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation (PeDI) registry: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 37-48.
12. Joseph TT, Gal JS, DeMaria S, Jr., Lin HM, Levine AI, Hyman JB. A Retrospective Study of Success, Failure, and Time Needed to Perform Awake Intubation. Anesthesiology 2016; 125: 105-14.
13. Xue FS, Yuan YJ, Wang Q, Liu JH, Liao X. Comments on ”Propofol versus sevoflurane for fiberoptic intubation under spontaneous breathing anesthesia in patients difficult to intubate”. Minerva Anestesiol 2011; 77: 470-1; author reply 72-3.
14. Cattano D, Lam NC, Ferrario L, Seitan C, Vahdat K, Wilcox DW, Hagberg CA. Dexmedetomidine versus Remifentanil for Sedation during Awake Fiberoptic Intubation. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2012; 2012: 753107.
15. Gupta B, Kohli S, Farooque K, Jalwal G, Gupta D, Sinha S, Chandralekha. Topical airway anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation: Comparison between airway nerve blocks and nebulized lignocaine by ultrasonic nebulizer. Saudi J Anaesth. 2014;8(Suppl 1):S15-9.
Fig. 1. The face, neck, and chest appearance of a 33-year-old woman with severe postburn mentosternal contracture. Views on the front (a) and lateral (b) showed obvious contractures and a large carcinoma on the face, neck, and chest, and a small oral opening. (c) Intubated state after skin grafting surgery.
Fig. 2. The modified spray-as-you-go technique. (a) An epidural catheter was fixed at the end of the fiberscope. Supplemental oxygen was delivered via a tube through the mouth to avoid hypoxemia. Views on the lateral (b) and top (c) showed the local anesthetic was sprayed out from the epidural catheter.
Fig. 3. Images showed the anesthesiologist sprayed 2% lidocaine via an epidural catheter onto the patient’s airway mucosa. (a) Posterior nasal canal, (b) left pharyngeal recess, (c) epiglottis, (d) right pharyngeal recess, (e) supraglottis, (f) subglottis and trachea.