Results
At study entry, 98 records were usable out of the 100 participants who consented for the study. The Faces Scale was completed by all participants (100%) and the posture measure had a completion rate of 68%. The child report PedsQL had more missing data (59 complete out of 98 participants = 60%) and was slightly more skewed than the parent proxy PedsQL (95 participants completed = 97%). The data set was first examined with descriptive analysis to confirm normality, which revealed approximately normal distributions for most variables. Only the child report PedsQL subscales of pain, appearance, worry, and treatment anxiety had a skew / SE skew > 2.0, but these results were still in the 2-3 range, and therefore approximately normally distributed. The child report had a floor effect but no outliers on the high end; therefore, we used parametric tests for the primary analysis, with follow-up nonparametric tests as a sensitivity analysis whenever slight levels of non-normality might have affected the results. Missing data were < 10% of the total and were handled by case-wise deletion. Although the child report PedsQL had more missing data, only one item was not missing at random (communication) and because of the low rate of missingness this likely did not bias our results. Reliability in this study was acceptable with Cronbach’s α > .90 on all subscales. Descriptive summary data can be viewed in Table 1.