ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the many field assistants who helped with the collection of these field data, especially Luke Burlingame, Tyrone Donnelly, Aaron Gottesman, and Kyle Hogrefe for their multi-year efforts. Bob Wisseman of Aquatic Biology Associates (Corvallis, Oregon, USA) analyzed all arthropod samples. James Helmericks graciously provided his insights and multi-year observations from Colville Village, Alaska, and Paul Kaigelak provided useful feedback on goose research techniques. The NPR-A Subsistence Advisory Panel and North Slope Borough departments of Planning and Community Service and Wildlife Management also provided helpful guidance of our research efforts. John Reed facilitated the data releases. The authors declare no conflict of interest, and any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.