Visual Counts:
Many species associate in permanent mixed-species flocks in both the understory and the canopy. By identifying individual flocks and censusing each, direct counts are made of each of the permanent flock species. Mixed-species flocks were identified with the aid of color-banding individuals in each flock and by mapping the individual roosting sites per flock. We subsequently mapped flock territories by following the flocks on a daily basis between September 9th and November 6th of 2018, starting at sunrise (Martínez & Gomez 2013), and estimated the number of individuals in each flock, supplementing this mapping with an additional field season from July 6th to September 29th 2019, for a total of 446 hours of flock-following. We additionally used visual counts to verify the presence of other species on the plot (i.e., Piculus spp. ,Cotinga spp. , Gymnoderus foetidus , Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema. and Tangara spp .), although in most cases these counts were not sufficient to derive density estimates.