2.1 | Samples
Seventeen roundworm individuals were collected from the naturally
infected horses (Equus caballus ) treated with anthelmintics in a
farm located in the Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China. While, two horse
roundworm individuals were collected after anthelmintic treatment from a
farm in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. Five donkey (Equus asinus )
roundworm individuals were collected after anthelmintic treatment from a
farm in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China. Eighteen roundworms from zebra
(Equus zebra ) were obtained from Harbin Northern Forest Zoo,
Heilongjiang, China. All specimens were washed extensively in sterile
physiological saline (37 ℃), snap-frozen and transported with dry ice
and then stored at -80 ℃ until further use. All experimental designs and
nematode handling were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee of Northeast Forestry University.