The consequences of anthelmintics should not be defined only in resistance
The issue of drug resistance has been widely mentioned over the past two decades. Parasites have strong adaptability, and roundworms lay more than 200,000 eggs per day (Wang & Davis, 2020), which is destined to have a sufficient mutational basis to resist any environmental changes. The problem of drug resistance has brought significant economic losses to industries such as animal husbandry, and the control of parasites has also become an important expenditure (McKellar & Jackson, 2004). We found that some resistance-related genes such as β-tubulin ,glc-1 , pgp-3 , mrp-6 , cup-4 , nrf-6 and CYP family, were significantly selected in different populations. These genes are respectively related to multiple anthelmintics, which may be related to their history of deworming. Over time, the gene frequency of these genes will increase significantly in the population and attention should be paid to the impact of this selection on species evolution. Current vaccines offer an attractive alternate control strategy against these parasites (Hewitson & Maizels, 2014), and also require a huge investment in early-stage research and development. Despite the wealth of methods, the response of the parasites was amazing. When we focus on the issue of drug resistance, we should worry more about the impact of this strong selection on species evolution. Our results indicated the influence of human activities on the evolutionary selection ofEquus roundworms, and this influence brings irreversible parasitic preference. Human anthelmintic medications are nowadays chosen in a more direct manner than the host’s domestication, and the frequency of use is more frequent. However, the evolutionary consequences of short-term multi-generation strong selection are still uncertain. This suggests that we should be cautious in dealing with the issue of drug resistance and adopt more scientific strategies.