2.1 | Samples
Seventeen roundworm individuals were collected from the naturally infected horses (Equus caballus ) treated with anthelmintics in a farm located in the Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China. While, two horse roundworm individuals were collected after anthelmintic treatment from a farm in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. Five donkey (Equus asinus ) roundworm individuals were collected after anthelmintic treatment from a farm in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China. Eighteen roundworms from zebra (Equus zebra ) were obtained from Harbin Northern Forest Zoo, Heilongjiang, China. All specimens were washed extensively in sterile physiological saline (37 ℃), snap-frozen and transported with dry ice and then stored at -80 ℃ until further use. All experimental designs and nematode handling were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Northeast Forestry University.