3.3 Glycemic index, inflammatory biomarker, and endotoxin
Any significant differences were observed in terms of glycaemia, LPS, and inflammatory biomarkers between the two groups at baseline. There was a remarkable reduction in levels of fasting insulin concentration (-1.76 μU/ml, -17.49%), HOMA-IR (-0.50, -20%), hs-CRP (-1.25 pg/ml, -12.94%), and LPS (-5.59 EU/mL, -32.55%) between the two groups (Table 4) (P < 0.05, adjusted for baseline values, sex, energy intake, and weight changes). Decrease in FPG (-3.63 mg/dL, 3.57%), and QUICKI (-0.15, -4.33%) were not statistically significant between groups. Within group differences of insulin, QUICKI, hs-CRP and endotoxin in the intervention group were significant (P <0.05, paired Student t-test). All mentioned measurements, with the exception of hs-CRP, remained unchanged in the placebo group when compared with the baseline.