References
Acosta-Motos
J.R., Rothwell S.A., Massam M.J., Albacete A., Zhang H. & Dodd I.C.
(2020) Alternate wetting and drying irrigation increases water and
phosphorus use efficiency independent of substrate phosphorus status of
vegetative rice plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry155 , 914–926.
Ahmadi N., Audebert A., Bennett M.J., Bishopp A., de Oliveira A.,
Courtois B., … Xu J. (2014) The roots of future rice harvests.Rice 7 , 29.
Amelework B.A., Shimelis H.A., Tongoona P., Mengistu F., Laing M.D. &
Ayele D.G. (2016) Sorghum production systems and constraints, and coping
strategies under drought-prone agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. South
African Journal of Plant and Soil 33 , 207–217.
Araus V., Swift J., Alvarez J.M., Henry A. & Coruzzi G.M. (2020) A
balancing act: How plants integrate nitrogen and water signals.Journal of Experimental Botany 71 , 4442–4451.
Bailey-Serres J., Parker J.E., Ainsworth E.A., Oldroyd G.E.D. &
Schroeder J.I. (2019) Genetic strategies for improving crop yields.Nature 575 , 109–118.
Bandyopadhyay P.K., Singh K.C., Mondal K., Nath R., Ghosh P.K., Kumar
N., … Singh S.S. (2016) Effects of stubble length of rice in
mitigating soil moisture stress and on yield of lentil (Lens culinaris
Medik) in rice-lentil relay crop. Agricultural Water Management173 , 91–102.
Bates T.R. & Lynch J.P. (2001) Root hairs confer a competitive
advantage under low phosphorus availability. Plant and Soil236 , 243–250.
De Bauw P., Mai T.H., Schnepf A., Merckx R., Smolders E. & Vanderborght
J. (2020) A functional-structural model of upland rice root systems
reveals the importance of laterals and growing root tips for phosphate
uptake from wet and dry soils. Annals of Botany 126 ,
789–806.
Beebe S. (2012) Common bean breeding in the tropics. Plant
Breeding Reviews 36 .
Benes B., Guan K., Lang M., Long S.P., Lynch J.P., Marshall-Colón A.,
… Turk M.J. (2020) Multiscale computational models can guide
experimentation and targeted measurements for crop improvement.Plant Journal 103 , 21–31.
Bernardino K.C., Pastina M.M., Menezes C.B., De Sousa S.M., MacIel L.S.,
Geraldo Carvalho G.C., … Magalhaes J. V. (2019) The genetic
architecture of phosphorus efficiency in sorghum involves pleiotropic
QTL for root morphology and grain yield under low phosphorus
availability in the soil. BMC Plant Biology 19 , 1–15.
Bhosale R., Giri J., Pandey B.K., Giehl R.F.H., Hartmann A., Traini R.,
… Swarup R. (2018) A mechanistic framework for auxin dependent
Arabidopsis root hair elongation to low external phosphate. Nature
Communications 9 , 1–9.
Bhuiyan S.I. (1992) Water management in relation to crop production:
case study on rice. Outlook on Agriculture 21 , 293–299.
Borrell A.K., Mullet J.E., George-Jaeggli B., Van Oosterom E.J., Hammer
G.L., Klein P.E. & Jordan D.R. (2014) Drought adaptation of stay-green
sorghum is associated with canopy development, leaf anatomy, root
growth, and water uptake. Journal of Experimental Botany65 , 6251–6263.
Boudreau M.A. (2013) Diseases in intercropping systems. Annual
Review of Phytopathology 51 , 499–519.
Bouman B. a. M. & Tuong T.P. (2001) Field water mangement to save water
and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice.Agricultural Water Management 1615 , 1–20.
Bouman B.A.M., Peng S., Castañeda A.R. & Visperas R.M. (2005) Yield and
water use of irrigated tropical aerobic rice systems. Agricultural
Water Management 74 , 87–105.
vom Brocke K., Trouche G., Weltzien E., Barro-Kondombo C.P., Gozé E. &
Chantereau J. (2010) Participatory variety development for sorghum in
Burkina Faso: Farmers’ selection and farmers’ criteria. Field
Crops Research 119 , 183–194.
Brooker R.W., Bennett A.E., Cong W.F., Daniell T.J., George T.S.,
Hallett P.D., … White P.J. (2015) Improving intercropping: A
synthesis of research in agronomy, plant physiology and ecology.New Phytologist 206 .
Brown L.K., George T.S., Neugebauer K. & White P.J. (2017) The
rhizosheath – a potential trait for future agricultural sustainability
occurs in orders throughout the angiosperms. Plant and Soil418 , 115–128.
Burridge J., Jochua C.N., Bucksch A. & Lynch J.P. (2016) Legume
shovelomics: High-Throughput phenotyping of common bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp, unguiculata) root
architecture in the field. Field Crops Research 192 ,
21–32.
Burridge J.D., Findeis J.L., Jochua C.N., Miguel M.A., Mubichi-Kut F.M.,
Quinhentos M.L., … Lynch J.P. (2019) A case study on the efficacy
of root phenotypic selection for edaphic stress tolerance in low-input
agriculture: Common bean breeding in Mozambique. Field Crops
Research 244 , 107612.
Burridge J.D., Rangarajan H. & Lynch J.P. (2020) Comparative phenomics
of annual grain legume root architecture. Crop Science60 , 2574–2593.
Burton A.L., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P. (2013) Phenotypic diversity of
root anatomical and architectural traits in Zea species. Crop
Science 53 , 1042–1055.
Carrijo D.R., Lundy M.E. & Linquist B.A. (2017) Rice yields and water
use under alternate wetting and drying irrigation: A meta-analysis.Field Crops Research 203 , 173–180.
Chareesri A., De Deyn G.B., Sergeeva L., Polthanee A. & Kuyper T.W.
(2020) Increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization reduces
yield loss of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought. Mycorrhiza30 , 315–328.
Chimungu J.G., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P. (2014a) Large root cortical cell
size improves drought tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). Plant
Physiology 166 , 2166–2178.
Chimungu J.G., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P. (2014b) Reduced Root Cortical
Cell File Number Improves Drought Tolerance in Maize. Plant
Physiology 166 , 1943–1955.
Chimungu J.G., Maliro M.F.A., Nalivata P.C., Kanyama-Phiri G., Brown
K.M. & Lynch J.P. (2015) Utility of root cortical aerenchyma under
water limited conditions in tropical maize (Zea mays L.). Field
Crops Research 171 , 86–98.
Chopart J.L., Sine B., Dao A. & Muller B. (2008) Root orientation of
four sorghum cultivars: Application to estimate root length density from
root counts in soil profiles. Plant Root 2 , 67–75.
Connolly J., Goma H.C. & Rahim K. (2001) The information content of
indicators in intercropping research. Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 87 , 191–207.
Cook S.M., Khan Z.R. & Pickett J.A. (2007) The use of push-pull
strategies in integrated pest management. Annual Review of
Entomology 52 , 375–400.
Dai J., Qiu W., Wang N., Wang T., Nakanishi H. & Zuo Y. (2019) From
leguminosae/gramineae intercropping systems to see benefits of
intercropping on iron nutrition. Frontiers in Plant Science10 , 1–7.
Diedhiou A.G., Mbaye F.K., Mbodj D., Faye M.N., Pignoly S., Ndoye I.,
… Champion A. (2016) Field trials reveal ecotype-specific
responses to mycorrhizal inoculation in rice. PLoS ONE11 , 1–17.
Djaman K., Mel V., Ametonou F., El-Namaky R., Diallo M. & Koudahe K.
(2018) Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Dose and Application Timing on
Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Irrigated Hybrid Rice under
Semi-Arid Conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science and Food
Research 9 , 1–7.
Duell R.W. & Peacock G.R. (1985) Rhizosheaths on Mesophytic Grasses 1 .Crop Science 25 , 880–883.
Van Duivenbooden N., Pala M., Studer C., Bielders C.L. & Beukes D.J.
(2000) Cropping systems and crop complementarity in dryland agriculture
to increase soil water use efficiency: A review. Netherlands
Journal of Agricultural Science 48 , 213–236.
ECOWAS (2019) Ecowas Commission - Directorate of agriculture and
rural development . (ed The ECOWAS Rice Factbook),.
Elbehri A., Kaminski J., Koroma S., Iafrate M. & Benali M. (2013) West
Africa staple food systems: An overview of trends and indicators of
demand, supply, and competitiveness of staple food value chains. InRebuilding West Africa’s food potential , A. Elbehri. (ed
FAO/IFAD), pp. 1–42.
van Etten J., de Sousa K., Aguilar A., Barrios M., Coto A., Dell’Acqua
M., … Steinke J. (2019) Crop variety management for climate
adaptation supported by citizen science. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America116 , 4194–4199.
FAO (2012)
Localized fertilization at crop seeding or microdosing. pp. 1–4.
FAOSTAT (2007) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation.Database. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data .
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation [FAO] (2014)
FAOSTAT. Database. Available at :
http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/*/E .
Faye A., Sine B., Chopart J.-L., Grondin A., Lucas M., Diedhiou A.G.,
… Laplaze L. (2019) Development of a model estimating root length
density from root impacts on a soil profile in pearl millet (Pennisetum
glaucum (L.) R. Br). Application to measure root system response to
water stress in field conditions. Plos One 14 , e0214182.
Félix G.F., Scholberg J.M.S., Clermont-Dauphin C., Cournac L. &
Tittonell P. (2018) Enhancing agroecosystem productivity with woody
perennials in semi-arid West Africa. A meta-analysis. Agronomy for
Sustainable Development 38 .
Fess T.L., Kotcon J.B. & Benedito V.A. (2011) Crop breeding for low
input agriculture: A sustainable response to feed a growing world
population. Sustainability 3 , 1742–1772.
Fromm H. (2019) Root plasticity in the pursuit of water. Plants8 .
Gahoonia T.S. & Nielsen N.E. (2003) Phosphorus (P) uptake and growth of
a root hairless barley mutant (bald root barley, brb) and wild type in
low- and high-P soils. Plant, Cell and Environment 26 ,
1759–1766.
Gamuyao R., Chin J.H., Pariasca-Tanaka J., Pesaresi P., Catausan S.,
Dalid C., … Heuer S. (2012) The protein kinase Pstol1 from
traditional rice confers tolerance of phosphorus deficiency.Nature 488 , 535–539.
Gao Y. & Lynch J.P. (2016) Reduced crown root number improves water
acquisition under water deficit stress in maize (Zea mays L.):
Supplemental material. Journal of Experimental Botany67 , 4545–4557.
Gemenet D.C., Leiser W.L., Beggi F., Herrmann L.H., Vadez V., Rattunde
H.F.W., … Haussmann B.I.G. (2016) Overcoming phosphorus
deficiency overcoming phosphorus deficiency in West African pearl millet
and sorghum production systems: Promising options for crop improvement.Frontiers in Plant Science 7 , 1–10.
Gionfriddo M., De Gara L. & Loreto F. (2019) Directed Evolution of
Plant Processes: Towards a Green (r)Evolution? Trends in Plant
Science 24 , 999–1007.
Grondin A., Mauleon R., Vadez V. & Henry A. (2016) Root aquaporins
contribute to whole plant water fluxes under drought stress in rice
(Oryza sativa L.). Plant, Cell and Environment 39 .
Haling R.E., Brown L.K., Bengough A.G., Young I.M., Hallett P.D., White
P.J. & George T.S. (2013) Root hairs improve root penetration,
root-soil contact, and phosphorus acquisition in soils of different
strength. Journal of Experimental Botany 64 , 3711–3721.
Hanlon M.T., Ray S., Saengwilai P., Luthe D., Lynch J.P. & Brown K.M.
(2018) Buffered delivery of phosphate to Arabidopsis alters responses to
low phosphate. Journal of Experimental Botany 69 ,
1207–1219.
Harris D. & Natarajan M. (1987) Physiological basis for yield advantage
in a sorghum/groundnut intercrop exposed to drought. 2. Plant
Temperature, water status, and components of yield. Field Crops
Research 17 , 273–288.
Henry A., Cal A.J., Batoto T.C., Torres R.O. & Serraj R. (2012) Root
attributes affecting water uptake of rice (Oryza sativa) under drought.Journal of Experimental Botany 63 , 4751–4763.
Henry A., Chaves N.F., Kleinman P.J.A. & Lynch J.P. (2010) Will
nutrient-efficient genotypes mine the soil? Effects of genetic
differences in root architecture in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
on soil phosphorus depletion in a low-input agro-ecosystem in Central
America. Field Crops Research 115 , 67–78.
Henry A., Kleinman P.J.A. & Lynch J.P. (2009) Phosphorus runoff from a
phosphorus deficient soil under common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and
soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes with contrasting root architecture.Plant and Soil 317 , 1–16.
Ho M.D., Rosas J.C., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P. (2005) Root architectural
tradeoffs for water and phosphorus acquisition. Functional Plant
Biology 32 , 737–748.
Huang R., Li Z., Mao C., Zhang H., Sun Z., Li H., … Duanmu D.
(2020) Natural variation at OsCERK1 regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal
symbiosis in rice. New Phytologist 225 , 1762–1776.
Humphries S., Rosas J.C., Gómez M., Jiménez J., Sierra F., Gallardo O.,
… Barahona M. (2015) Synergies at the interface of
farmer-scientist partnerships: Agricultural innovation through
participatory research and plant breeding in Honduras. Agriculture
and Food Security 4 , 1–17.
Iqbal M.A., Hamid A., Ahmad T., Siddiqui M.H., Hussain I., Ali S.,
… Ahmad Z. (2019) Forage sorghum-legumes intercropping: Effect on
growth, yields, nutritional quality and economic returns.Bragantia 78 , 82–95.
Jaffuel S., vom Brocke K., Hamadou T.V.C., Dardou A., Vidal A. &
Trouche G. (2016) Anatomical features of an African sorghum landrace
adapted to flooded conditions. Australian Journal of Crop Science10 , 1489–1495.
Jagadish S.V.K., Murty M.V.R. & Quick W.P. (2015) Rice responses to
rising temperatures - challenges, perspectives and future directions.Plant, Cell and Environment 38 , 1686–1698.
Jaramillo R.E., Nord E.A., Chimungu J.G., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P.
(2013) Root cortical burden influences drought tolerance in maize.Annals of Botany 112 , 429–437.
Jochua C.N., Strock C.F. & Lynch J.P. (2020) Root phenotypic diversity
in common bean reveals contrasting strategies for soil resource
acquisition among gene pools and races. Crop Science 60 ,
3261–3277.
Johnson M., Hazell P. & Gulati A. (2003) The role of intermediate
factor markets in Asia’s Green Revolution: Lessons for Africa?American Journal of Agricultural Economics 85 ,
1211–1216.
Jones A., Breuning-Madsen H., Brossard M., Dampha A., Deckers J.,
Dewitte O., … Zougmoré R. (2013) Soil Atlas of Africa.ISSN: 1018-5593 .
Joshi D., Singh V., van Oosterom E., Mace E., Jordan D. & Hammer G.
(2016) Genetic Manipulation of Root System Architecture to Improve
Drought Adaptation in Sorghum. 207–226.
Joshi D.C., Singh V., Hunt C., Mace E., van Oosterom E., Sulman R.,
… Hammer G. (2017) Development of a phenotyping platform for high
throughput screening of nodal root angle in sorghum. Plant
Methods 13 , 1–12.
Kadam N.N., Yin X., Bindraban P.S., Struik P.C. & Jagadish K.S.V.
(2015) Does Morphological and Anatomical Plasticity during the
Vegetative Stage Make Wheat More Tolerant of Water Deficit Stress Than
Rice? Plant Physiology 167 , 1389–1401.
Karthika G., Kholova J., Alimagham S., Ganesan M., Chadalavada K.,
Kumari R. & Vadez V. (2019) Measurement of transpiration restriction
under high vapor pressure deficit for sorghum mapping population
parents. Plant Physiology Reports 24 , 74–85.
Kholová J., Hash C.T., Kumar P.L., Yadav R.S., Kocová M. & Vadez V.
(2010) Terminal drought-tolerant pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)
R. Br.] have high leaf ABA and limit transpiration at high vapour
pressure deficit. Journal of experimental botany 61 ,
1431–40.
Klein S.P., Schneider H.M., Perkins A.C., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P.
(2020) Multiple integrated root phenotypes are associated with improved
drought tolerance. Plant Physiology 183 , 1011–1025.
Kreye C., Bouman B.A.M., Reversat G., Fernandez L., Vera Cruz C.,
Elazegui F., … Llorca L. (2009) Biotic and abiotic causes of
yield failure in tropical aerobic rice. Field Crops Research112 , 97–106.
de la Fuente Cantó C., Simonin M., King E., Moulin L., Bennett M.J.,
Castrillo G. & Laplaze L. (2020) An extended root phenotype: the
rhizosphere, its formation and impacts on plant fitness. Plant
Journal 103 , 951–964.
Lefebvre B. (2020) An opportunity to breed rice for improved benefits
from the
FAO (2012)
Localized fertilization at crop seeding or microdosing. pp. 1–4.
FAOSTAT (2007) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation.Database. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data .
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation [FAO] (2014)
FAOSTAT. Database. Available at :
http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/*/E .
arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis? New Phytologist 225 ,
1404–1406.
Li Z., Li Z., Letuma P., Zhao H., Zhang Z., Lin W., … Lin W.
(2018) A positive response of rice rhizosphere to alternate moderate
wetting and drying irrigation at grain filling stage. Agricultural
Water Management 207 , 26–36.
Linquist B.A., Anders M.M., Adviento-Borbe M.A.A., Chaney R.L., Nalley
L.L., da Rosa E.F.F. & van Kessel C. (2015) Reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, water use, and grain arsenic levels in rice systems.Global Change Biology 21 , 407–417.
Lithourgidis A.S., Dordas C.A., Damalas C.A. & Vlachostergios D.N.
(2011) Annual intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable
agriculture. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5 ,
396–410.
Lynch J.P. (2007) Turner review no. 14. Roots of the second green
revolution. Australian Journal of Botany 55 , 493–512.
Lynch J.P. (2011) Root phenes for enhanced soil exploration and
phosphorus acquisition: Tools for future crops. Plant Physiology156 , 1041–1049.
Lynch J.P. (2013) Steep, cheap and deep: An ideotype to optimize water
and N acquisition by maize root systems. Annals of Botany112 , 347–357.
Lynch J.P. (2018) Rightsizing root phenotypes for drought resistance.Journal of Experimental Botany 69 , 3279–3292.
Lynch J.P. (2019) Root phenotypes for improved nutrient capture:
an underexploited opportunity for global agriculture .
Lynch J.P. & Ho M.D. (2005) Rhizoeconomics: Carbon costs of phosphorus
acquisition. Plant and Soil 269 , 45–56.
Ma Z., Walk T.C., Marcus A. & Lynch J.P. (2001) Morphological synergism
in root hair length, density, initiation and geometry for phosphorus
acquisition in Arabidopsis thaliana: A modeling approach. Plant
and Soil 236 , 221–235.
Mace E.S., Singh V., van Oosterom E.J., Hammer G.L., Hunt C.H. & Jordan
D.R. (2012) QTL for nodal root angle in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.
Moench) co-locate with QTL for traits associated with drought
adaptation. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 124 ,
97–109.
Matlon P.J. (1990) Improving productivity in sorghum and pearl millet in
semi-arid Africa. Food Research Institute Studies 22 .
Matsunami M., Matsunami T. & Kokubun M. (2009) Growth and yield of new
rice for africa (NERICAs) under different ecosystems and nitrogen
levels. Plant Production Science 12 , 381–389.
Matsuo N. & Mochizuki T. (2009) Growth and yield of six rice cultivars
under three water-saving cultivations. Plant Production Science12 , 514–525.
Mbodj D., Effa-Effa B., Kane A., Manneh B., Gantet P., Laplaze L.,
… Grondin A. (2018) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in rice:
Establishment, environmental control and impact on plant growth and
resistance to abiotic stresses. Rhizosphere 8 , 12–26.
Meena R.K., Bhusal N., Kumar K., Jain R. & Jain S. (2019) Intervention
of molecular breeding in water saving rice production system: aerobic
rice. 3 Biotech 9 , 1–12.
Miguel M.A., Postma J.A. & Lynch J.P. (2015) Phene synergism between
root hair length and basal root growth angle for phosphorus Acquisition.Plant Physiology 167 , 1430–1439.
Miguel M.A., Widrig A., Vieira R.F., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P. (2013)
Basal root whorl number: A modulator of phosphorus acquisition in common
bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Annals of Botany 112 ,
973–982.
Ndour A., Pradal C. & Lucas M. (2017a) Virtual Plants Need Water Too :
Functional-Structural Root System Models in the Context of Drought
Tolerance Breeding. 8 , 1–21.
Ndour P.M.S., Barry C.M., Tine D., De la Fuente Cantó C., Gueye M.,
Barakat M., … Cournac L. (2021) Pearl millet genotype impacts
microbial diversity and enzymatic activities in relation to
root-adhering soil aggregation. Plant and Soil .
Ndour P.M.S., Gueye M., Barakat M., Ortet P., Bertrand-Huleux M., Pablo
A.-L., … Cournac L. (2017b) Pearl Millet Genetic Traits Shape
Rhizobacterial Diversity and Modulate Rhizosphere Aggregation.Frontiers in Plant Science 8 , 1–14.
Ndour P.M.S., Heulin T., Achouak W., Laplaze L. & Cournac L. (2020) The
rhizosheath: from desert plants adaptation to crop breeding. Plant
and Soil 456 , 1–13.
Nelson W.C.D., Hoffmann M.P., Vadez V., Roetter R.P. & Whitbread A.M.
(2018) Testing pearl millet and cowpea intercropping systems under high
temperatures. Field Crops Research 217 , 150–166.
Netzly D.H. & Butler L.G. (1986) Roots of Sorghum Exude Hydrophobic
Droplets Containing Biologically Active Components 1 . Crop
Science 26 , 775–778.
Nie L., Peng S., Chen M., Shah F., Huang J., Cui K. & Xiang J. (2012)
Aerobic rice for water-saving agriculture. A review. Agronomy for
Sustainable Development 32 , 411–418.
Van Oosterom E.J., Yang Z., Zhang F., Deifel K.S., Cooper M., Messina
C.D. & Hammer G.L. (2016) Hybrid variation for root system efficiency
in maize: Potential links to drought adaptation. Functional Plant
Biology 43 , 502–511.
Pan Z., Baerson S.R., Wang M., Bajsa-Hirschel J., Rimando A.M., Wang X.,
… Duke S.O. (2018) A cytochrome P450 CYP71 enzyme expressed in
Sorghum bicolor root hair cells participates in the biosynthesis of the
benzoquinone allelochemical sorgoleone. New Phytologist218 , 616–629.
Passot S., Gnacko F., Moukouanga D., Lucas M., Guyomarc’h S., Ortega
B.M., … Laplaze L. (2016) Characterization of Pearl Millet Root
Architecture and Anatomy Reveals Three Types of Lateral Roots.Frontiers in plant science 7 , 829.
Passot S., Moreno-Ortega B., Moukouanga D., Balsera C., Guyomarc’h S.,
Lucas M., … Guédon Y. (2018) A new phenotyping pipeline reveals
three types of lateral roots and a random branching pattern in two
cereals. Plant Physiology 177 , 896–910.
Peng S., Bouman B., Visperas R.M., Castañeda A., Nie L. & Park H.K.
(2006) Comparison between aerobic and flooded rice in the tropics:
Agronomic performance in an eight-season experiment. Field Crops
Research 96 , 252–259.
Pingali P.L. (2012) Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path
ahead. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109 , 12302–12308.
Postma J.A., Kuppe C., Owen M.R., Mellor N., Griffiths M., Bennett M.J.,
… Watt M. (2017) OpenSimRoot: widening the scope and application
of root architectural models. New Phytologist 215 ,
1274–1286.
Postma J.A. & Lynch J.P. (2012) Complementarity in root architecture
for nutrient uptake in ancient maize/bean and maize/bean/squash
polycultures. Annals of botany 110 , 521–534.
Prieto I., Armas C. & Pugnaire F.I. (2012) Water release through plant
roots: New insights into its consequences at the plant and ecosystem
level. New Phytologist 193 , 830–841.
Promkhambut A., Polthanee A., Akkasaeng C. & Younger A. (2011) Growth,
yield and aerenchyma formation of sweet and multipurpose sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) as affected by flooding at different growth
stages. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5 , 954–965.
Ratnadass A., Fernandes P., Avelino J. & Habib R. (2012) Plant species
diversity for sustainable management of crop pests and diseases in
agroecosystems: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development32 .
Rebouillat J., Dievart A., Verdeil J.L., Escoute J., Giese G., Breitler
J.C., … Périn C. (2009) Molecular genetics of rice root
development. Rice 2 , 15–34.
Reddy P.S., Tharanya M., Sivasakthi K., Srikanth M., Hash C.T., Kholova
J., … Vadez V. (2017) Molecular cloning and expression analysis
of Aquaporin genes in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.]
genotypes contrasting in their transpiration response to high vapour
pressure deficits. Plant Science 265 , 167–176.
Reynolds M., Atkin O.K., Bennett M., Cooper M., Dodd I.C., Foulkes M.J.,
… Wittich P.E. (2021) Addressing Research Bottlenecks to Crop
Productivity. Trends in plant science 26 , 607–630.
Richards R.A. & Passioura J.B. (1989) A breeding program to reduce the
diameter of the major xylem vessel in the seminal roots of wheat and its
effect on grain yield in rain-fed environments. Australian Journal
of Agricultural Research 40 , 943–950.
Rongsawat T., Peltier J.B., Boyer J.C., Véry A.A. & Sentenac H. (2021)
Looking for Root Hairs to Overcome Poor Soils. Trends in Plant
Science 26 , 83–94.
Rostamza M., Richards R.A. & Watt M. (2013) Response of millet and
sorghum to a varying water supply around the primary and nodal roots.Annals of Botany 112 , 439–446.
Ryan S.F., Adamson N.L., Aktipis A., Andersen L.K., Austin R., Barnes
L., … Dunn R.R. (2018) The role of citizen science in addressing
grand challenges in food and agriculture research. Proceedings of
the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 .
Salih A.A., Ali I.A., Lux A., Luxova M., Cohen Y., Sugimoto Y. &
Inanaga S. (1999) Rooting, water uptake, and xylem structure adaptation
to drought of two sorghum cultivars. Crop Science 39 ,
168–173.
Sandhu N., Dixit S., Swamy B.P.M., Raman A., Kumar S., Singh S.P.,
… Kumar A. (2019) Marker Assisted Breeding to Develop Multiple
Stress Tolerant Varieties for Flood and Drought Prone Areas. Rice12 .
Sandhu N., Raman K.A., Torres R.O., Audebert A., Dardou A., Kumar A. &
Henry A. (2016) Rice root architectural plasticity traits and genetic
regions for adaptability to variable cultivation and stress conditions.Plant Physiology , pp.00705.2016.
Sandhu N., Subedi S.R., Yadaw R.B., Chaudhary B., Prasai H.,
Iftekharuddaula K., … Kumar A. (2017) Root traits enhancing rice
grain yield under alternate wetting and drying condition.Frontiers in Plant Science 31 , 1879.
Sasaki Y., Hosen Y., Peng S., Nie L., Rodriguez R., Agbisit R., …
Bouman B.A.M. (2010) Do abiotic factors cause a gradual yield decline
under continuous aerobic rice cultivation? A pot experiment with
affected field soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition56 , 476–482.
Schneider H.M. & Lynch J.P. (2020) Should Root Plasticity Be a Crop
Breeding Target? Frontiers in Plant Science 11 , 1–16.
Schröder D. & Köpke U. (2012) Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) intercropped
with oil crops - a strategy to enhance rooting density and to optimize
nitrogen use and grain production? Field Crops Research135 , 74–81.
Sebastian J., Yee M.-C., Goudinho Viana W., Rellán-Álvarez R., Feldman
M., Priest H.D., … Dinneny J.R. (2016) Grasses suppress
shoot-borne roots to conserve water during drought. Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences 113 , 8861–8866.
Sheahan M. & Barrett C.B. (2017) Ten striking facts about agricultural
input use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Food Policy 67 , 12–25.
Shekoofa A. & Sinclair T. (2018) Aquaporin activity to improve crop
drought tolerance. Cells 7 , 123.
Sinclair T.R. (2005) Theoretical analysis of soil and plant traits
influencing daily plant water flux on drying soils. Agronomy
Journal 97 , 1148–1152.
Sinclair T.R., Devi J., Shekoofa A., Choudhary S., Sadok W., Vadez V.,
… Rufty T. (2017) Limited-transpiration response to high vapor
pressure deficit in crop species. Plant Science 260 ,
109–118.
Singh V., van Oosterom E.J., Jordan D.R., Messina C.D., Cooper M. &
Hammer G.L. (2010) Morphological and architectural development of root
systems in sorghum and maize. Plant and Soil 333 ,
287–299.
Smith J., Pearce B.D. & Wolfe M.S. (2013) Reconciling productivity with
protection of the environment: Is temperate agroforestry the answer?Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28 , 80–92.
Strock C.F., Burridge J., Massas A.S.F., Beaver J., Beebe S., Camilo
S.A., … Lynch J.P. (2019) Seedling root architecture and its
relationship with seed yield across diverse environments in Phaseolus
vulgaris. Field Crops Research 237 , 53–64.
Strock C.F., Burridge J.D., Niemiec M.D., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P.
(2020) Root metaxylem and architecture phenotypes integrate to regulate
water use under drought stress. Plant Cell and Environment44 , 49–67.
Sultan B., Defrance D. & Iizumi T. (2019) Evidence of crop production
losses in West Africa due to historical global warming in two crop
models. Scientific Reports 9 , 1–15.
Tan X., Shao D., Liu H., Yang F., Xiao C. & Yang H. (2013) Effects of
alternate wetting and drying irrigation on percolation and nitrogen
leaching in paddy fields. Paddy and Water Environment11 , 381–395.
Tharanya M., Kholova J., Sivasakthi K., Seghal D., Hash C.T., Raj B.,
… Vadez V. (2018) Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for water use
and crop production traits co-locate with major QTL for tolerance to
water deficit in a fine-mapping population of pearl millet (Pennisetum
glaucum L. R.Br.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 131 ,
1509–1529.
Tsuji W., Inanaga S., Araki H., Morita S., An P. & Sonobe K. (2005)
Development and distribution of root system in two grain sorghum
cultivars originated from Sudan under drought stress. Plant
Production Science 8 , 553–562.
Vadez V. (2014) Root hydraulics: The forgotten side of roots in drought
adaptation. Field Crops Research 165 , 15–24.
Vadez V., Kholova J., Medina S., Kakkera A. & Anderberg H. (2014)
Transpiration efficiency: New insights into an old story. Journal
of Experimental Botany 65 , 6141–6153.
Vadez V., Kholová J., Yadav R.S. & Hash C.T. (2013) Small temporal
differences in water uptake among varieties of pearl millet (Pennisetum
glaucum (L.) R. Br.) are critical for grain yield under terminal
drought. Plant and Soil 371 , 447–462.
Vallino M., Fiorilli V. & Bonfante P. (2014) Rice flooding negatively
impacts root branching and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, but not
fungal viability. Plant, Cell and Environment 37 ,
557–572.
Vieira R.F., Jochua C.N. & Lynch J.P. (2007) Method for evaluation of
root hairs of common bean genotypes. Pesquisa Agropecuaria
Brasileira 42 , 1365–1368.
Wang Z., Zhang W., Beebout S.S., Zhang H., Liu L., Yang J. & Zhang J.
(2016) Grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as
influenced by irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen
rates. Field Crops Research 193 , 54–69.
Wortmann C.S., Kirkby R.A., Eledu C.A. & Allen D.J. (1998) Atlas
of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Africa , CIAT
publication. CIAT publication, Cali, Colombia.
Xue Y., Xia H., Christie P., Zhang Z., Li L. & Tang C. (2016) Crop
acquisition of phosphorus , iron and zinc from soil in cereal / legume
intercropping systems : a critical review. 363–377.
Yan X., Liao H., Beebe S.E., Blair M.W. & Lynch J.P. (2004) QTL mapping
of root hair and acid exudation traits and their relationship to
phosphorus uptake in common bean. Plant and Soil 265 ,
17–29.
York L.M., Carminati A., Mooney S.J., Ritz K. & Bennett M.J. (2016) The
holistic rhizosphere: Integrating zones, processes, and semantics in the
soil influenced by roots. Journal of Experimental Botany67 , 3629–3643.
York L.M., Nord E.A. & Lynch J.P. (2013) Integration of root phenes for
soil resource acquisition. Frontiers in Plant Science 4 ,
1–15.
Zhan A., Schneider H. & Lynch J.P. (2015) Reduced Lateral Root
Branching Density Improves Drought Tolerance in Maize. Plant
physiology 168 , 1603–15.
Zhang S., Guo X., Yun W., Xia Y., You Z. & Rillig M.C. (2020)
Arbuscular mycorrhiza contributes to the control of phosphorus loss in
paddy fields. Plant and Soil 447 , 623–636.
Zhu J., Brown K.M. & Lynch J.P. (2010) Root cortical aerenchyma
improves the drought tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.). Plant, Cell
and Environment 33 , 740–749.
Zhu Y., Chen H., Fan J., Wang Y., Li Y., Chen J., … Mundt C.C.
(2000) Genetic diversity and disease control in rice. Nature406 , 718–722.
Table 1. Summary of yield and income impact of P efficient
varieties. Fixed costs of production mean twice as much yield has more
than twice as much impact on income. Data from documents submitted to
Mozambican Seed Release committee.