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\begin{document}

\title{Assessment of the role of physicochemical properties of the soil on the
formation of badlands around Chitrakoot, India}



\author[1]{Nikhilesh  Singh}%
\author[1]{Medha Jha}%
\author[2]{Sanjay Tignath}%
\author[1]{Bhola Nath Singh}%
\author[3]{Arghya Chattopadhyay}%
\affil[1]{Indian Institute of Technology BHU Varanasi}%
\affil[2]{Government Science College}%
\affil[3]{Banaras Hindu University Institute of Agricultural Sciences}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The present paper attempts to study the causative physicochemical
properties of the soils, which effectively portray its dispersive and
deteriorating conditions, which have led to the formation of badlands in
the Mandakini River watershed Chitrakoot area, India. Following
investigations were made on the soil samples collected from the field:
i) grain size distribution ii) various physicochemical properties and
nutrient content of the soil. The clay minerals were detected and
identified with the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR), and High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRSEM). The
spatial maps of all these parameters were prepared in a GIS environment,
and overlay analysis was performed. The results show that the soil has a
silt loam texture with high bulk density. The low values of plastic
limit, liquid limit, and plasticity index show the non-cohesive nature
of the soils. Higher bulk density has decreased the porosity as well as
permeability in the soils. This impact on porosity and permeability has
reduced the favourable conditions for vegetation, and the soils contain
low organic matter. Apart from the bulk density, the presence of
calcrete and illitic clay mineral (low in content) has also reduced the
permeability of the soils, further increasing runoff. The overlay
analysis based on the liquid limit, plasticity index, bulk density, and
drainage frequency shows that the area is thoroughly affected by badland
processes. Three zones were categorized as severe, very severe, and
extremely severe depending upon their conditions gully channel
processes.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`Manuscript -LDD.doc`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/418204/articles/525032-assessment-of-the-role-of-physicochemical-properties-of-the-soil-on-the-formation-of-badlands-around-chitrakoot-india}

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