Figure 1: Examples of roads in the landscape (a-c) and key invasive
species (d-f) across a range of MIREN regions. (a) Harsh mountain
climates (here the CaƱadas del Teide on Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)
have traditionally been seen as an adequate barrier against non-native
plant invasion; (b) the direct local impact of roadside disturbance on
mountain plants is visible on native Azorella cushion plants
along a road in the dry Andes near Mendoza, Argentina; (c) interactive
effects of climate and land use, exemplified by dramatic differences in
snow cover on versus beside a mountain road in northern Norway; (d)Taraxacum officinale , one of the most widespread non-native plant
species along MIREN mountain roads (Seipel et al., 2012), in a sample
plot on a volcanic gravel slope in the Argentine Andes; (e) non-nativeVerbascum thapsus on a roadside in the highly invaded lowlands of
the Andes in central Chile; (f) Trifolium pratense in northern
Norway, where the species is rapidly moving uphill along mountain
roadsides.