FIGURE TITLES
FIGURE 1 Individual-based rarefaction-extrapolation curves showing liana species richness patterns in the three forest sites of the two moist semi-deciduous forests in Ghana: (a) Asenanyo Forest Reserve, (b) Suhuma Forest Reserve. The solid lines show the rarefaction (interpolation) curves from the reference sample, while the dashed lines indicate the extrapolation curves. The symbols ending the rarefaction curves (see also legend) represent observed number of individuals for the forest sites.
FIGURE 2 Network modules identified by DIRTLPAwb+ in edge (a), interior (b) and deep-interior (c) sites in Asenanyo Forest Reserve, Ghana. The darker squares represent higher interaction frequency, while the light squares show lower frequency of interaction. The boxes show the modules of the networks, which are consecutively numbered. Each module is made up of liana species on the y-axis and tree species on the x-axis. The species constituting the modules are found in Appendix 2.
FIGURE 3 Network modules identified by DIRTLPAwb+ in edge (a), interior (b) and deep-interior (c) sites in Suhuma Forest Reserve, Ghana. The darker squares represent higher interaction frequency, while the light squares show lower frequency of interaction. The boxes show the modules of the networks, which are consecutively numbered. Each module is made up of liana species on the y-axis and tree species on the x-axis. The species constituting the modules are found in Appendix 2.
FIGURE 4 Module connectivity and interactions plots of the networks that show liana species roles within edge (a), interior (b), and deep-interior (c) forest sites in the Asenanyo Forest Reserve, Ghana. The threshold values of among-module connectivity (c ) and within-module interaction (z ) which were obtained from 95 % quantiles from 100 null models are denoted by the vertical and horizontal lines. Species names are abbreviated to first two letters of the genus name and at least the first letter of the specific epithet (see appendix 3 for full species names)
FIGURE 5 Module connectivity and interactions plots of the networks that show liana species roles within edge (a), interior (b), and deep-interior (c) forest sites in the Suhuma Forest Reserve, Ghana. The threshold values of among-module connectivity (c ) and within-module interaction (z ) which were obtained from 95 % quantiles from 100 null models are denoted by the vertical and horizontal lines. Species names are abbreviated to first two letters of the genus name and at least the first letter of the specific epithet (see appendix 3 for full species names)
FIGURE 6 Module connectivity and interactions plots of the networks that show tree species roles within edge (a), interior (b), and deep-interior (c) forest sites in the Asenanyo Forest Reserve, Ghana. The threshold values of among-module connectivity (c ) and within-module interaction (z ) which were obtained from 95 % quantiles from 100 null models are denoted by the vertical and horizontal lines. Species names are abbreviated to first two letters of the genus name and at least the first letter of the specific epithet (see appendix 4 for full species names)
FIGURE 7 Module connectivity and interactions plots of the networks that show tree species roles within edge (a), interior (b), and deep-interior (c) forest sites in the Suhuma Forest Reserve, Ghana. The threshold values of among-module connectivity (c ) and within-module interaction (z ) which were obtained from 95 % quantiles from 100 null models are denoted by the vertical and horizontal lines. Species names are abbreviated to first two letters of the genus name and at least the first letter of the specific epithet (see appendix 4 for full species names)
APPENDIX 1 Structure of the three liana-tree networks analysed in edge, interior, and deep-interior forest sites of the Asenanyo (a, b and c, respectively) and Suhuma (d, e and f, respectively) Forest Reserves in Ghana. Each network shows all the observed interactions in the forest management regime. The lower and upper bars represent liana and tree species, respectively. In each network, the bar thickness is proportional to the number of interactions of each species. Species names are abbreviated to first two letters of the genus name and at least the first letter of the specific epithet (refer to Appendices 3 and 4 for full species names).
TABLE 1 Liana species abundance and MEI in the edge and non-edge sites in two moist semi-deciduous forests in Ghana (ES: edge site, IS: interior site, DIS: deep-interior site, MEI: magnitude of edge influence)
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Liana species and families ES IS DIS MEI ES IS DIS MEI
Apocynaceae
Alafia barteri Oliver 40 33 35 0.08 20 16 22 0.03
Alafia sp. 29 13 12 0.40 15 9 9 0.25
Gongronema latifolium Benth. 0 0 0 0 1 0
Landolphia dulcis (Sabine ex G.Don) Pichon 1 0 2 1 4 1
Landolphia hirsuta (Hua) Pichon 0 0 0 9 6 9 0.09
Landolphia owariensis P.Beauv. 0 0 0 0 1 0
Motandra guineensis (Thonn.) A.DC. 39 41 15 0.16 39 22 16 0.34
Oncinotis nitida Benth. 0 0 0 0 0 2
Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock 0 0 0 0 1 0
Strophanthus hirsutus H.Hess 0 0 0 4 0 0
Strophanthus hispidus DC. 1 0 0 0 0 0
Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax 8 21 23 -0.52 0 0 0
Strophanthus sarmentosus DC. 0 0 0 6 12 0 0.00
Celastraceae
Hippocratea myriantha Oliv. 0 0 0 0 0 1
Salacia debilis (G.Don) Walp. 3 0 0 2 5 2
Salacia elegans Welw. ex Oliv. 45 43 32 0.09 15 4 20 0.11
Salacia lateritia N.Halle 8 1 0 0 0 0
Salacia leptoclada Tul. 0 0 0 0 3 0
Salacia macrantha A.C.Sm. 0 0 0 0 4 0
Salacia preussii Loes 0 1 0 0 0 0
Salacia cerasifera Welw. Ex Oliv. 0 0 0 0 5 0
Salacia staudtiana Loes. ex Fritsch 0 0 0 0 1 0
Salacighia letestuana (Pellegr.) Blakelock 0 0 0 1 0 0
Simirestis staudtii (Loes.) N.Halle 0 0 0 0 0 2
TABLE 1 (Continued)
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Liana species and families ES IS DIS MEI ES IS DIS MEI
Combretaceae
Combretum acutum M.A.Lawson 0 13 0 -1.00 0 0 0
Combretum comosum G.Don 18 3 21 0.20 0 0 3
Combretum fuscum Planch. ex Benth. 0 0 0 0 0 1
Combretum micranthum G.Don 1 0 0 0 0 0
Combretum mucronatum Schumach. & Thonn. 0 0 0 2 4 5 -0.38
Combretum oyemense Exell 16 3 8 0.49 0 0 0
Combretum paniculatum Vent. 6 14 0 -0.08 7 9 9 -0.13
Combretum smeathmannii G.Don 0 0 0 9 4 7 0.24
Combretum sordidum Exell 0 0 0 2 0 0
Combretum sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0
Combretum tarquense Clark 0 0 0 5 0 16 -0.23
Connaraceae
Agelaea obliqua (P.Beauv.) Baillon 0 2 0 0 0 3
Agelaea trifolia (Lam.) Baill. 1 1 3 1 2 0
Castanola paradoxa (Gilg) Schellenb. 0 0 0 1 0 0
Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC. 0 0 0 0 1 0
Connarus africanus Lam. 0 0 0 0 7 0
Convolvulaceae
Calycobolus africanus (G. Don) Heine 19 23 7 0.12 25 25 23 0.02
Calycobolus heudelotii (Baker ex Oliver) Heine 4 1 0 0 1 1
Neuropeltis acuminata (P.Beauv.) Benth. 8 3 17 -0.11 16 14 12 0.10
Neuropeltis prevosteoides Mangenot 0 0 0 4 4 16 -0.43
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalum dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand 0 0 0 1 0 0
Dichapetalum pallidum (Oliver) Engler 0 1 2 1 0 0
TABLE 1 (Continued)
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Liana species and families ES IS DIS MEI ES IS DIS MEI
Dilleniaceae
Tetracera affinis Hutch. 2 3 1 0 0 0
Euphorbiaceae
Manniophyton fulvum Mull.Arg. 0 3 0 17 6 7 0.45
Hernandiaceae
Illigera pentaphylla Welw. 0 0 0 2 0 1
Icacinaceae
Chlamydocarya macrocarpa A.Chev.exHutch.&D 0 2 0 0 0 0
Lamiaceae
Clerodendrum sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0
Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir 0 0 0 1 0 0
Fabaceae
Acacia kamerunensis Gand. 1 5 2 5 7 15 -0.38
Acacia pentagona (Schum& Thonn.)Hook f. 10 11 9 0.00 14 25 26 -0.29
Baphia capparidifolia Baker 0 0 0 1 0 0
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. 12 0 1 0.92 0 0 0
Dalbergia hostilis Bentham 3 3 0 3 1 0
Dalbergia oblongifolia G.Don 0 0 1 0 0 0
Dalbergiella welwitschii (Baker) Baker f. 6 3 5 0.20 3 11 1 -0.33
Griffonia simplicifolia (DC.) Baill. 44 37 50 0.01 63 33 25 0.37
Leptoderris sassandrensis Jongkind 0 0 0 4 2 0
Leptoderris cyclocarpa Dunn 0 0 0 1 0 0
Leptoderris micrantha Dunn 11 3 14 0.13 2 8 1 -0.38
Leptoderris miegei Ake Assi & Mangenot 1 0 0 2 0 8
Leucomphalos libericus Breteler 0 0 0 1 0 0
Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill. 0 0 0 6 0 0
Millettia chrysophylla Dunn 84 74 67 0.09 86 84 44 0.15
Millettia lucens (Scott-Elliot) Dunn 1 0 2 0 0 0
TABLE 1 (Continued)
ASENANYO SUHUMA
Liana species and families ES IS DIS MEI ES IS DIS MEI
Linaceae
Hugonia planchonii Hook.f. 0 0 0 0 1 0
Hugonia rufopilis A.Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel 0 0 0 1 0 0
Loganiaceae
Strychnos campicola Gilg 5 8 7 -0.20 0 0 0
Strychnos longicaudata Gilg 0 0 0 9 3 6 0.33
Strychnos malacoclados C.H. Wright 0 0 0 0 3 5
Malpighiaceae
Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. 1 0 0 0 0 0
Grewia hookeriana Exell & Mendonca 1 4 2 0 0 0
Grewia malacocarpa Mast. 0 0 0 7 1 7 0.27
Menispermaceae
Tiliacora dielsiana Hutch. & Dalziel 9 12 12 -0.14 10 5 8 0.21
Triclisia patens Oliv. 1 3 1 0 0 1
Moraceae
Ficus sp. 0 0 0 0 0 2
Phyllantaceae
Phyllanthus sp. 0 0 0 0 0 1
Piperaceae
Piper guineense Shumach. & Thonn. 1 0 0 0 4 1
Polygonaceae
Afrobrunnichia erecta (Asch.) Hutch. & Dalziel 3 2 2 0 0 2
Rubiaceae
Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. 10 8 0 0.43 0 0 0
Mussaenda tristigmatica Cummins 1 0 0 0 0 0
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Liana species ASENANYO SUHUMA
ES IS DIF MEI ES IS DIF MEI
Sapindaceae
Paullinia pinnata Linne 2 15 3 -0.64 0 0 0
Vitaceae
Cissus adenocaulis Steud. ex A.Rich 6 3 1 6 1 1
Cissus silvestris Tchoume 0 1 0 0 0 0