REFERENCES
Aas KS, Martin L, Nitzbon J, Langer M, Boike J, Lee H, Berntsen TK,
Westermann S. 2019. Thaw processes in ice-rich permafrost landscapes
represented with laterally coupled tiles in a land surface model.Cryosphere 13 (2): 591–609 DOI: 10.5194/tc-13-591-2019
Alexeev VA, Nicolsky DJ, Romanovsky VE, Lawrence DM. 2007. An evaluation
of deep soil configurations in the CLM3 for improved representation of
permafrost. Geophysical Research Letters 34 (9) DOI:
10.1029/2007GL029536
Anisimov OA, Shiklomanov NI, Nelson FE. 2002. Variability of seasonal
thaw depth in permafrost regions: A stochastic modeling approach.Ecological Modelling 153 (3): 217–227 DOI:
10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00016-9
Burke EJ, Dankers R, Jones CD, Wiltshire AJ. 2013. A retrospective
analysis of pan Arctic permafrost using the JULES land surface model.Climate Dynamics 41 (3–4): 1025–1038 DOI:
10.1007/s00382-012-1648-x
Burke EJ, Zhang Y, Krinner G. 2020. Evaluating permafrost physics in the
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) models and their
sensitivity to climate change. The Cryosphere 14 (9):
3155–3174 DOI: 10.5194/tc-14-3155-2020
Burn CR, Nelson FE. 2006. Comment on ‘a projection of severe
near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century’ by David M.
Lawrence and Andrew G. Slater. Geophysical Research Letters33 (21): L21503 DOI: 10.1029/2006GL027077
Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research 1996. Soil Landscapes
of Canada, v.2.2, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Ottawa, Canada
Chadburn SE, Burke EJ, Essery RLH, Boike J, Langer M, Heikenfeld M, Cox
PM, Friedlingstein P. 2015. Impact of model developments on present and
future simulations of permafrost in a global land-surface model.Cryosphere 9 (4): 1505–1521 DOI: 10.5194/tc-9-1505-2015
Chartrand J, Ednie M, Smith SL, Duchesne C, Riseborough DW. 2014. Report
on 2013 field activities and collection of ground thermal and active
layer data in the Mackenzie Corridor. Geological Survey of Canada, Open
File 7659, Ottawa, Canada. DOI: 10.4095/295596
Chen F, Dudhia J. 2001. Coupling an Advanced Land Surface–Hydrology
Model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model
Implementation and Sensitivity. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW129 : 569–585
Connon R, Devoie É, Hayashi M, Veness T, Quinton W. 2018. The Influence
of Shallow Taliks on Permafrost Thaw and Active Layer Dynamics in
Subarctic Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface123 (2): 281–297 DOI: 10.1002/2017JF004469
Cosby BJ, Hornberger GM, Clapp RB, Ginn TR. 1984. A Statistical
Exploration of the Relationships of Soil Moisture Characteristics to the
Physical Properties of Soils. Water Resources Research20 (6): 682–690
Cosgrove BA, Lohmann D, Mitchell KE, Houser PR, Wood EF, Schaake JC,
Robock A, Sheffield J, Duan Q, Luo L, et al. 2003. Land surface model
spin-up behavior in the North American Land Data Assimilation System
(NLDAS). Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres108 (22) DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003316
Côté J, Desmarais JG, Gravel S, Méthot A, Patoine A, Roch M, Staniforth
A. 1998. The operational CMC-MRB global environmental multiscale (GEM)
model. Part II: Results. Monthly Weather Review 126 (6):
1397–1418 DOI:
10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<1397:TOCMGE>2.0.CO;2
Dankers R, Burke EJ, Price J. 2011. Simulation of permafrost and
seasonal thaw depth in the JULES land surface scheme. Cryosphere5 (3): 773–790 DOI: 10.5194/tc-5-773-2011
Davison B, Pietroniro A, Fortin V, Leconte R, Mamo M, Yau MK. 2016. What
is Missing from the Prescription of Hydrology for Land Surface Schemes?Journal of Hydrometeorology 17 (7): 2013–2039 DOI:
10.1175/JHM-D-15-0172.1
DeBeer CM, Wheater HS, Carey SK, Chun KP. 2016. Recent climatic,
cryospheric, and hydrological changes over the interior of western
Canada: A review and synthesis. Hydrology and Earth System
Sciences 20 (4): 1573–1598 DOI: 10.5194/hess-20-1573-2016
Devoie ÉG, Craig JR, Connon RF, Quinton WL. 2019. Taliks: A Tipping
Point in Discontinuous Permafrost Degradation in Peatlands. Water
Resources Research 55 (11): 9838–9857 DOI:
10.1029/2018WR024488
Dobinski W. 2011. Permafrost. Earth-Science Reviews 108 :
158–169 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.06.007
Ednie M, Chartrand J, Smith SL, Duchesne C, Riseborough DW. 2012. Report
on 2011 Field Activities and Collection of Ground Thermal and Active
Layer Data in the Mackenzie Corridor Completed Under Northwest
Territories Science Licence #14918. Geological Survey of Canada, Open
File 7231, Ottawa, Canada. DOI: 10.4095/291982
Elshamy ME, Princz D, Sapriza-Azuri G, Abdelhamed MS, Pietroniro A,
Wheater HS, Razavi S. 2020. On the configuration and initialization of a
large-scale hydrological land surface model to represent permafrost.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24 (1): 349–379
DOI: 10.5194/hess-24-349-2020
Everdingen RO. 1998. MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY of PERMAFROST and RELATED
GROUND-ICE TERMS. Calgary, Alberta, CANADA T2N 1N4. DOI: 10.2307/1551636
de Goncalves LGG, Shuttleworth WJ, Burke EJ, Houser P, Toll DL, Rodell
M, Arsenault K. 2006. Toward a South America Land Data Assimilation
System: Aspects of land surface model spin-up using the Simplified
Simple Biosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres111 (17): 1–13 DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006297
Haghnegahdar A, Tolson BA, Davison B, Seglenieks FR, Klyszejko E, Soulis
ED, Fortin V, Matott LS. 2014. Calibrating environment Canada’s MESH
modelling system over the Great Lakes Basin. Atmosphere - Ocean52 (4): 281–293 DOI: 10.1080/07055900.2014.939131
Hermoso de Mendoza I, Beltrami H, MacDougall AH, Mareschal J-C. 2020.
Lower boundary conditions in land surface models - effects on the
permafrost and the carbon pools: a case study with CLM4.5.Geoscientific Model Development 13 (3): 1663–1683 DOI:
10.5194/gmd-13-1663-2020
Hjort J, Karjalainen O, Aalto J, Westermann S, Romanovsky VE, Nelson FE,
Etzelmüller B, Luoto M. 2018. Degrading permafrost puts Arctic
infrastructure at risk by mid-century. Nature Communications9 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07557-4
Husain SZ, Alavi N, Bélair S, Carrera M, Zhang S, Fortin V, Abrahamowicz
M, Gauthier N. 2016. The Multibudget Soil, Vegetation, and Snow (SVS)
Scheme for Land Surface Parameterization: Offline Warm Season
Evaluation. Journal of Hydrometeorology 17 (8):
2293–2313 DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-15-0228.1
Jafarov EE, Marchenko SS, Romanovsky VE. 2012. Numerical modeling of
permafrost dynamics in Alaska using a high spatial resolution dataset.Cryosphere 6 (3): 613–624 DOI: 10.5194/tc-6-613-2012
Keshav K, Haghnegahdar A, Elshamy M, Gharari S, Razavi S. 2019a.
Aggregated gridded soil texture dataset for Mackenzie and
Nelson-Churchill River Basins, Federated Research Data Repository
(FRDR), Canada, https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0154
Keshav K, Haghnegahdar A, Elshamy M, Gharari S, Razavi S. 2019b. Bedrock
depth dataset for Nelson-Churchill and Mackenzie River Basin based on
bedrock data by Shangguan et al.
(2016), Federated Research Data Repository (FRDR), Canada,
https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0152
Kouwen N, Soulis ED, Pietroniro A, Donald J, Harrington RA. 1993a.
Grouped response units for distributed hydrologic modelling.Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 119(3): 289–305
Kouwen N, Soulis R, Seglenieks F, Bingeman A, Davison B. 1993b. An
Introduction to WATFLOOD and WATCLASS: 1–13
Lamontagne-Hallé P, McKenzie JM, Kurylyk BL, Molson J, Lyon LN. 2020.
Guidelines for cold-regions groundwater numerical modeling. Wiley
Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water (June): 1–26 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1467
Langer M, Westermann S, Heikenfeld M, Dorn W, Boike J. 2013.
Satellite-based modeling of permafrost temperatures in a tundra lowland
landscape. Remote Sensing of Environment 135 : 12–24
DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.011
Lawrence DM, Slater AG. 2005. A projection of severe near-surface
permafrost degradation during the 21st century. Geophysical
Research Letters 32 (24): 1–5 DOI: 10.1029/2005GL025080
Lawrence DM, Oleson KW, Flanner MG, Thornton PE, Swenson SC, Peter J,
Zeng X, Yang Z, Levis S, Sakaguchi K, et al. 2011. Parameterization
Improvements and Functional and Struc- tural Advances in Version 4 of
the Community Land Model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth
Systems 3 (1): 1–27 DOI: 10.1029/2011MS000045
Lawrence DM, Slater AG, Romanovsky VE, Nicolsky DJ. 2008. Sensitivity of
a model projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column
depth and representation of soil organic matter. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 113 (2): 1–14 DOI:
10.1029/2007JF000883
Lawrence DM, Slater AG, Swenson SC. 2012. Simulation of present-day and
future permafrost and seasonally frozen ground conditions in CCSM4.Journal of Climate 25 (7): 2207–2225 DOI:
10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00334.1
Letts MG, Comer NT, Roulet NT, Skarupa MR, Verseghy DL. 2000.
Parametrization of peatland hydraulic properties for the Canadian land
surface scheme. Atmosphere - Ocean 38 (1): 141–160 DOI:
10.1080/07055900.2000.9649643
Mahfouf JF, Brasnett B, Gagnon S. 2007. A Canadian precipitation
analysis (CaPA) project: Description and preliminary results.Atmosphere - Ocean 45 (1): 1–17 DOI: 10.3137/ao.v450101
Mann ME, Bradley RS, Hughes MK. 1999. Northern hemisphere temperatures
during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations.Geophysical Research Letters 26 (6): 759–762
McGuire AD, Lawrence DM, Koven C, Clein JS, Burke E, Chen G, Jafarov E,
MacDougall AH, Marchenko S, Nicolsky D, et al. 2018. Dependence of the
evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the
trajectory of climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (15):
3882–3887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719903115
Mekonnen MA, Wheater HS, Ireson AM, Spence C, Davison B, Pietroniro A.
2014. Towards an improved land surface scheme for prairie landscapes.Journal of Hydrology 511 : 105–116 DOI:
10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.01.020
Melton JR, Verseghy DL, Sospedra-Alfonso R, Gruber S. 2019. Improving
permafrost physics in the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (v.3.6.2)
and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (v.2.1) (CLASS-CTEM).Geoscientific Model Development 12 (10): 4443–4467 DOI:
10.5194/gmd-12-4443-2019
Meredith M, Sommerkorn M, Cassotta S, Derksen C, Ekaykin A, Hollowed A,
Kofinas G, Mackintosh A, Melbourne-Thomas J, Muelbert MMC, et al. 2020.
Polar regions. In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere
in a Changing Climate , , Pörtner H-O, , Roberts DC, , Masson-Delmotte
V, , Zhai P, , Tignor M, , Poloczanska E, , Mintenbeck K, , Alegría A, ,
Nicolai M, , Okem A, et al. (eds).203–320. DOI:
10.1016/S1366-7017(01)00066-6
Nelson FE, Anisimov OA, Shiklomanov NI. 2002. Climate change and hazard
zonation in the circum-arctic permafrost regions. Natural Hazards26 (3): 203–225 DOI: 10.1023/A:1015612918401
Nicolsky DJ, Romanovsky VE, Alexeev VA, Lawrence DM. 2007. Improved
modeling of permafrost dynamics in a GCM land-surface scheme.Geophysical Research Letters 34 (8): 2–6 DOI:
10.1029/2007GL029525
Nishimura S, Martin CJ, Jardine RJ, Fenton CH. 2009. A new approach for
assessing geothermal response to climate change in permafrost regions.Geotechnique 59 (3): 213–227 DOI:
10.1680/geot.2009.59.3.213
Niu G-Y, Yang Z-L. 2006. Effects of Frozen Soil on Snowmelt Runoff and
Soil Water Storage at a Continental Scale. Journal of
Hydrometeorology 7 (5): 937–952 DOI: 10.1175/JHM538.1
Obu J, Westermann S, Bartsch A, Berdnikov N, Christiansen HH, Dashtseren
A, Delaloye R, Elberling B, Etzelmüller B, Kholodov A, et al. 2019.
Northern Hemisphere permafrost map based on TTOP modelling for
2000–2016 at 1 km2 scale. Earth-Science Reviews 193 :
299–316 DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.023
Oldenborger GA, LeBlanc A-M, Stevens CW, Chartrand J, Loranger B. 2015.
Geophysical surveys, permafrost conditions and infrastructure damage
along the northern Yukon Alaska Highway, Open File 7875 DOI:
10.4095/296704
Oleson KW, Lawrence DM, Bonan GB, Drewniak B, Huang M, Charles D, Levis
S, Li F, Riley WJ, Zachary M, et al. 2013. Technical Description of
version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM) DOI: 10.5065/D6RR1W7M
Pan X, Li Y, Yu Q, Shi X, Yang D, Roth K. 2016. Effects of stratified
active layers on high-altitude permafrost warming: A case study on the
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Cryosphere 10 (4): 1591–1603
DOI: 10.5194/tc-10-1591-2016
Park H, Walsh J, Fedorov AN, Sherstiukov AB, Iijima Y, Ohata T. 2013.
The influence of climate and hydrological variables on opposite anomaly
in active-layer thickness between Eurasian and North American
watersheds. The Cryosphere 7 (2): 631–645 DOI:
10.5194/tc-7-631-2013
Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA. 2007. Updated world map of the
Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System
Sciences 11 : 1633–1644 DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
Pietroniro A, Fortin V, Kouwen N, Neal C, Turcotte R, Davison B,
Verseghy DL, Soulis ED, Caldwell R, Evora N, et al. 2007. Development of
the MESH modelling system for hydrological ensemble forecasting of the
Laurentian Great Lakes at the regional scale. Hydrology and Earth
System Sciences 11 (4): 1279–1294 DOI:
10.5194/hess-11-1279-2007
Quinton WL, Marsh P. 1999. A conceptual framework for runoff generation
in a permafrost environment. Hydrological Processes 13(16 SPEC. ISS.): 2563–2581 DOI:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199911)13:16<2563::AID-HYP942>3.0.CO;2-D
Razavi S, Tolson BA, Matott LS, Thomson NR, MacLean A, Seglenieks FR.
2010. Reducing the computational cost of automatic calibration through
model preemption. Water Resources Research 46 (11):
1–17 DOI: 10.1029/2009WR008957
Riseborough D, Shiklomanov N, Etzelmuller B, Gruber S, Marchenko S.
2008. Recent Advances in Permafrost Modelling. Permafrost and
periglacial processes 19 : 137–156 DOI: 10.1002/ppp.615
Rodell M, Houser PR, Berg AA, Famiglietti JS. 2005. Evaluation of 10
methods for initializing a land surface model. Journal of
Hydrometeorology 6 (2): 146–155 DOI: 10.1175/JHM414.1
Sapriza-Azuri G, Gamazo P, Razavi S, Wheater HS. 2018. On the
appropriate definition of soil profile configuration and initial
conditions for land surface-hydrology models in cold regions.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22 (6): 3295–3309
DOI: 10.5194/hess-22-3295-2018
Schuur EAG, Bockheim J, Canadell JG, Euskirchen E, Field CB, Goryachkin
S V., Hagemann S, Kuhry P, Lafleur PM, Lee H, et al. 2008. Vulnerability
of Permafrost Carbon to Climate Change: Implications for the Global
Carbon Cycle. BioScience 58 (8): 701–714 DOI:
10.1641/b580807
Schuur EAG, McGuire AD, Schädel C, Grosse G, Harden JW, Hayes DJ,
Hugelius G, Koven CD, Kuhry P, Lawrence DM, et al. 2015. Climate change
and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature 520 (7546):
171–179 DOI: 10.1038/nature14338
Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006. Development of a 50-year
high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land
surface modeling. Journal of Climate 19 (13): 3088–3111
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3790.1
Shrestha R, Houser P. 2010. A heterogeneous land surface model
initialization study. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres115 (19): 1–10 DOI: 10.1029/2009JD013252
Smith SL, Burgess MM, Riseborough D, Coultish T, Chartrand J. 2004.
Digital Summary Database of Permafrost and Thermal Conditions – Norman
Wells Pipeline Study Sites. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4635,
Ottawa, Canada.
Smith SL, Chartrand J, Duchesne C, Ednie M. 2016. Report on 2015 field
activities and collection of ground thermal and active layer data in the
Mackenzie Corridor, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada,
Open File 8125, Ottawa, Canada. DOI: 10.4095/299296
Smith SL, Chartrand J, Nguyen T-N, Riseborough DW, Ednie M, Ye S. 2009.
Geotechnical database and descriptions of permafrost monitoring sites
established 2006-07 in the central and southern Mackenzie Corridor.
Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 6041, Ottawa, Canada.
Smith SL, Throop J, Ednie M, Chartrand J, Riseborough DW, Nixon FM.
2010. Report on 2009 Field Activities and Ground Thermal Data Collection
in the Mackenzie Corridor Completed Under N.W.T. Science Licence #
14582. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 6695, Ottawa, Canada.
Soulis ED, Snelgrove KR, Kouwen N, Seglenieks F, Verseghy DL. 2000.
Towards closing the vertical water balance in Canadian atmospheric
models: Coupling of the land surface scheme class with the distributed
hydrological model watflood. Atmosphere - Ocean 38 (1):
251–269 DOI: 10.1080/07055900.2000.9649648
Takata K. 2002. Sensitivity of land surface processes to frozen soil
permeability and surface water storage. Hydrological Processes16 (11): 2155–2172 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.1148
Taylor AE, Wang K, Smith SL, Burgess MM, Judge AS. 2006. Canadian Arctic
Permafrost Observatories: Detecting contemporary climate change through
inversion of subsurface temperature time series. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111 (2) DOI:
10.1029/2004JB003208
U.S. Department of Agriculture 1951. Soil survey manual, USDA Handbook
18. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office
Verseghy D. 2012. CLASS – The Canadian land surface scheme (version
3.6) - technical documentation
Verseghy DL. 1991. Canadian Land Surface Scheme for GCMS I. Soil model.International Journal of Climatology 11 : 111–133 DOI:
10.1002/joc.3370110202
Verseghy DL. 2000. The Canadian land surface scheme (CLASS): Its history
and future. Atmosphere-Ocean 38 (1): 1–13 DOI:
10.1080/07055900.2000.9649637
Walker JP, Houser PR. 2001. A methodology for initializing soil moisture
in a global climate model: Assimilation of near-surface soil moisture
observations. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres106 (D11): 11761–11774 DOI: 10.1029/2001JD900149
Walvoord MA, Kurylyk BL. 2016. Hydrologic Impacts of Thawing
Permafrost—A Review. Vadose Zone Journal 15 (6): 0
DOI: 10.2136/vzj2016.01.0010
Walvoord MA, Striegl RG. 2007. Increased groundwater to stream discharge
from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on
lateral export of carbon and nitrogen. Geophysical Research
Letters 34 (12) DOI: 10.1029/2007GL030216
Weedon GP, Balsamo G, Bellouin N, Gomes S, Best MJ, Viterbo P. 2014. The
WFDEI meteorological forcing data set: WATCH Forcing Data methodology
applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data. Water Resources Research50 : 7505–7514 DOI: 10.1002/2014WR015638
Weedon GP, Gomes S, Viterbo P, Shuttleworth WJ, Blyth E, ÖSterle H, Adam
JC, Bellouin N, Boucher O, Best M. 2011. Creation of the WATCH forcing
data and its use to assess global and regional reference crop
evaporation over land during the twentieth century. Journal of
Hydrometeorology 12 (5): 823–848 DOI: 10.1175/2011JHM1369.1
Wei S, Yongjiu D, Qingyun D, Baoyuan L, Hua Y. 2014. A global soil data
set for earth system modeling. Journal of Advances in Modeling
Earth Systems 6 : 249–263 DOI: 10.1002/2013MS000293
Wong JS, Razavi S, Bonsal BR, Wheater HS, Asong ZE. 2017.
Inter-comparison of daily precipitation products for large-scale
hydro-climatic applications over Canada. Hydrology and Earth
System Sciences 21 (4): 2163–2185 DOI:
10.5194/hess-21-2163-2017
Woo MK. 2012. Permafrost hydrology . Springer Science & Business
Media. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23462-0
Wright JF, Duchesne C, Côté MM. 2003. Regional-scale permafrost mapping
using the TTOP ground temperature model. In Proceedings 8th
International Conference on Permafrost 1241–1246. Available at:
http://research.iarc.uaf.edu/NICOP/DVD/ICOP 2003
Permafrost/Pdf/Chapter_218.pdf
Wu Q, Zhang T, Liu Y. 2010. Permafrost temperatures and thickness on the
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Global and Planetary Change 72(1–2): 32–38 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.03.001
Wu X, Nan Z, Zhao S, Zhao L, Cheng G. 2018. Spatial modeling of
permafrost distribution and properties on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 29 (2): 86–99 DOI:
10.1002/ppp.1971
Wu Y, Verseghy DL, Melton JR. 2016. Integrating peatlands into the
coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) v3.6 and the Canadian
Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v2.0. Geoscientific Model
Development 9 (8): 2639–2663 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-9-2639-2016
Yang Z-LL, Dickinson RE, Henderson-Selles A, Pitman AJ,
Henderson-Sellers a., Pitman AJ. 1995. Preliminary study of spin-up
processes in land surface models with the first stage data of project
for intercomparison of land surface parameterization schemes phase 1(a).Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (D8): 16553 DOI:
10.1029/95jd01076
Yassin F, Razavi S, Wheater H, Sapriza-Azuri G, Davison B, Pietroniro A.
2017. Enhanced identification of a hydrologic model using streamflow and
satellite water storage data: A multicriteria sensitivity analysis and
optimization approach. Hydrological Processes 31 (19):
3320–3333 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.11267
Zhang T, Barry RG, Knowles K, Heginbottom JA, Brown J. 1999. Statistics
and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the
Northern Hemisphere. Polar Geography 23 (2): 132–154
DOI: 10.1080/10889370802175895
Zhang T, Frauenfeld OW, Serreze MC, Etringer A, Oelke C, McCreight J,
Barry RG, Gilichinsky D, Yang D, Ye H, et al. 2005. Spatial and temporal
variability in active layer thickness over the Russian Arctic drainage
basin. Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres110 (16): 1–14 DOI: 10.1029/2004JD005642
Zhang Y, Carey SK, Quinton WL. 2008a. Evaluation of the algorithms and
parameterizations for ground thawing and freezing simulation in
permafrost regions. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres113 (17): 1–17 DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009343
Zhang Y, Chen W, Riseborough DW. 2008b. Disequilibrium response of
permafrost thaw to climate warming in Canada over 1850-2100.Geophysical Research Letters 35 (2): 2–5 DOI:
10.1029/2007GL032117
Zhang Y, Wang X, Fraser R, Olthof I, Chen W, McLennan D, Ponomarenko S,
Wu W. 2013. Modelling and mapping climate change impacts on permafrost
at high spatial resolution for an Arctic region with complex terrain.
Cryosphere 7 (4): 1121–1137 DOI: 10.5194/tc-7-1121-2013