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\begin{document}

\title{Putative biotic drivers of plant seasonal phenology: herbivory and
pathogens as selective forces, with special reference to deciduousness}



\author[1]{Rowland Burdon}%
\author[1]{Michael Bartlett}%
\affil[1]{Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd)}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Plant phenology is manifested in the seasonal timing of flowering and
vegetative processes, but also has ontogenetic aspects. The adaptive
basis of seasonal phenology has been considered mainly in terms of
climatic drivers. However, some biotic factors as likely evolutionary
influences on plants' phenology appear to have been under-researched.
Several specific cases of putative biotic factors driving plant
phenology are outlined, involving both herbivores and pathogens. These
illustrate the diversity of likely interactions rather than any
systematic coverage or review. Emphasis is on woody perennials, in which
phenology is often most multi-faceted and complicated by the ontogenetic
aspect. The timing and duration of shoot flushing may in at least some
cases contribute to defencses against herbivores, largely through brief
periods of `predator satiation' when plant tissues have highest food
value. However, the complete seasonal leaf fall that characterizes
deciduous plants may be a very important defencse against some
pathogens. Whether biotic influences drive acquisition or `biotic
lock-in' of deciduousness is considered. In one case; of leaf rusts in
poplars, countervailing influences of the rusts and climate suggest
lock-in. Often, however, biotic and environmental influences likely
reinforce each other. Wide re-examination of plant phenology,
accommodating the roles of biotic factors and their interplays with
environments as additional adaptive drivers, is advocated, towards
developing and applying hypotheses that are observationally or
experimentally testable.%
\end{abstract}%



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