Sampling area Sampling area Sampling area Sampling area Sampling area Sampling area Sampling area Sampling area Sampling area
Bahra
Bahra
Sabah Al-Ahmad Protected Area Burgan Oilfield Um Al-Aish Oilfield
Um Al-Rros Military Base
Sabriya Oilfield
Um-Ghadair Oilfield
(b) Environmental variables: soil (b) Environmental variables: soil p
Mean oil damage score (ODS)
1.6 ± 0.1
1.6 ± 0.1
1.0 ± 0.0
2.3 ± 0.2
2.7 ± 0.1
1.0 ± 0.0
2.7 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.2
<0.001***
Soil moisture content (%) 1.9b ± 0.2 1.9b ± 0.2 3.8ab ± 0.5 2.00b ± 0.6 7.1a ± 0.7 2.5b ± 0.6 3.2b ± 0.4 1.6b ± 0.3 <0.001***
ANAY 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
ANTH 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 -
B[a]ANTH 1.3 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.8 0 0 0 0 6.3 ± 2.4 0 -
B[a]P 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.4 ± 0.4 0 0 2.1 ± 1.3 0 -
B[b]FLAN 1.2 ± 0.8 1.2 ± 0.8 0 1.1 ± 1.1 0.3 ± 0.2 0 13.4 ± 5.5 0 -
B[ghi]PERY 2.2 ± 0.9 2.2 ± 0.9 0.01 ± 0.01 0.7 ± 0.6 1.7 ± 0.6 0 19.8 ± 7.1 0.1 ± 01 -
B[k]FLAN 0.9 ± 0.6 0.9 ± 0.6 0 0.4 ± 0.4 0.3 ± 0.2 0 0.3 ± 0.2 0 -
CH 5.5b ± 3.4 5.5b ± 3.4 0 2.3b ± 2.2 6.1b ± 2.2 0 82.4a ± 32.3 0.6b ± 0.3 0.002**
D[ah]ANTH 0.9 ± 0.5 0.9 ± 0.5 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0 0.1 ± 0.1 0 -
FLAN 0.2 ± 0.1 0.2 ± 0.1 0 1.0 ± 1.0 0.2 ± 0.2 0 19.3 ± 9.5 0 -
I[123-cd]PY 2.2 ± 0.8 2.2 ± 0.8 0.1 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.5 0.6 ± 0.3 0 9.1 ± 3.9 0.1 ± 0.1 -
NA 2.9 ± 0.8 2.9 ± 0.8 1.9 ± 0.06 2.8 ± 1.2 4.6 ± 0.3 0 4.1 ± 0.8 2.0 ± 0.2 -
PH 15.9ab ± 12.8 15.9ab ± 12.8 0.1b ± 0.1 2.2b ± 1.9 1.3b ± 0.6 0 70.4a ± 37.2 0.2b ± 0.1 0.012*
PY 4.3b ± 2.9 4.3b ± 2.9 0 0.7b ± 0.6 0.6b ± 0.3 0 53.2 a ± 21.0 0 0.002**
TOTAL PAH 37.9bc ± 24.1 37.9bc ± 24.1 2.1c ± 0.1 12.3c ± 10.1 15.7bc ± 3.9 0 280.7ab ± 116.2 2.9 c ± 0.4 <0.001***