|
Bahra
|
Bahra
|
Sabah Al-Ahmad
Protected Area
|
Burgan
Oilfield
|
Um Al-Aish
Oilfield
|
Um Al-Rros Military Base
|
Sabriya Oilfield
|
Um-Ghadair
Oilfield
|
|
(b) Environmental variables: soil |
(b) Environmental variables: soil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
p |
Mean oil damage score
(ODS)
|
1.6 ± 0.1
|
1.6 ± 0.1
|
1.0 ± 0.0
|
2.3 ± 0.2
|
2.7 ± 0.1
|
1.0 ± 0.0
|
2.7 ± 0.1
|
2.2 ± 0.2
|
<0.001***
|
Soil moisture content (%) |
1.9b ± 0.2 |
1.9b ± 0.2 |
3.8ab ± 0.5 |
2.00b ± 0.6 |
7.1a ± 0.7 |
2.5b ± 0.6 |
3.2b ± 0.4 |
1.6b ± 0.3 |
<0.001*** |
ANAY |
0.2 ± 0.1 |
0.2 ± 0.1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
- |
ANTH |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0 |
0 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0 |
- |
B[a]ANTH |
1.3 ± 0.8 |
1.3 ± 0.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6.3 ± 2.4 |
0 |
- |
B[a]P |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0 |
0.4 ± 0.4 |
0 |
0 |
2.1 ± 1.3 |
0 |
- |
B[b]FLAN |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
1.2 ± 0.8 |
0 |
1.1 ± 1.1 |
0.3 ± 0.2 |
0 |
13.4 ± 5.5 |
0 |
- |
B[ghi]PERY |
2.2 ± 0.9 |
2.2 ± 0.9 |
0.01 ± 0.01 |
0.7 ± 0.6 |
1.7 ±
0.6 |
0 |
19.8 ± 7.1 |
0.1 ± 01 |
- |
B[k]FLAN |
0.9 ± 0.6 |
0.9 ± 0.6 |
0 |
0.4 ± 0.4 |
0.3 ± 0.2 |
0 |
0.3 ± 0.2 |
0 |
- |
CH |
5.5b ± 3.4 |
5.5b ± 3.4 |
0 |
2.3b ± 2.2 |
6.1b ± 2.2 |
0 |
82.4a ± 32.3 |
0.6b ± 0.3 |
0.002** |
D[ah]ANTH |
0.9 ± 0.5 |
0.9 ± 0.5 |
0 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0 |
- |
FLAN |
0.2 ± 0.1 |
0.2 ± 0.1 |
0 |
1.0 ± 1.0 |
0.2 ± 0.2 |
0 |
19.3 ±
9.5 |
0 |
- |
I[123-cd]PY |
2.2 ± 0.8 |
2.2 ± 0.8 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
0.5 ± 0.5 |
0.6 ±
0.3 |
0 |
9.1 ± 3.9 |
0.1 ± 0.1 |
- |
NA |
2.9 ± 0.8 |
2.9 ± 0.8 |
1.9 ± 0.06 |
2.8 ± 1.2 |
4.6 ± 0.3 |
0 |
4.1 ± 0.8 |
2.0 ± 0.2 |
- |
PH |
15.9ab ± 12.8 |
15.9ab ± 12.8 |
0.1b ± 0.1 |
2.2b ± 1.9 |
1.3b ± 0.6 |
0 |
70.4a ± 37.2 |
0.2b ± 0.1 |
0.012* |
PY |
4.3b ± 2.9 |
4.3b ± 2.9 |
0 |
0.7b ± 0.6 |
0.6b ± 0.3 |
0 |
53.2
a ± 21.0 |
0 |
0.002** |
TOTAL PAH |
37.9bc ± 24.1 |
37.9bc ±
24.1 |
2.1c ± 0.1 |
12.3c ± 10.1 |
15.7bc ± 3.9 |
0 |
280.7ab ± 116.2 |
2.9 c ± 0.4 |
<0.001*** |