References
  1. Ninan TK, Russell G. Respiratory symptoms and atopy in Aberdeen schoolchildren: evidence from two surveys 25 years apart. BMJ 1992; 304:873-875.
  2. Omran M, Russell G. Continuing increase in respiratory symptoms and atopy in Aberdeen schoolchildren. BMJ 1996; 312:34.
  3. Devenny A, Wassall H, Ninan T, Omran M, Khan SD, Russell G. Respiratory symptoms and atopy in children in Aberdeen: questionnaire studies of a defined school population repeated over 35 years. Br Med J 2004; 329:489-490.
  4. Downs SH, Marks GB, Sporik R, Belosouva EG, Car NG, Peat JK. Continued increase in the prevalence of asthma and atopy. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84:20-23.
  5. Burr ML, Wat D, Evans C, Dunstan FDJ Doull IJM. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Asthma prevalence in 1973, 1988 and 2003. Thorax 2006; 61:296-299.
  6. Anthracopoulos M, Karatza A, Liolios E, Triga M, Triantou K, Priftis K. Prevalence of asthma among schoolchildren in Patras, Greece: tree surveys over 20 years. Thorax 2001; 56: 569-571.
  7. Anthracopoulos MB, Liolios E, Panagiotakos DB, Triantou K, Priftis K. Prevalence of asthma among schoolchildren in Patras, Greece: four questionnaire surveys during 1978-2003. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92:209-212.
  8. Ronchetti R, Villa MP, Barreto M, Rota R, Pagani J, Martella S, Falasca C, Paggi B, Guglielmi F, Ciofetta G. Is the increase in childhood asthma coming to an end? Findings from three surveys of schoolchildren in Rome, Italy. Eur Respir J 2001; 17:881-886.
  9. Zöllner IK, Weiland SK, Piechotowski I, Gabrio T, von Mutius E, Link B, Pfaff G, Kouros B, Wuthe J. No increase in the prevalence of asthma, allergies, and atopic sensitisation among children in Germany: 1992-2001. Thorax 2005; 60:545-548.
  10. Zilmer M, Steen N, Zachariassen G, Duus T, Kristiansen B, Halken S. Prevalence of asthma and bronchial hyperreactivity in Danish schoolchildren: no change over 10 years. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:385-389.
  11. Hicke-Roberts A, Åberg N, Wennegren G, Hesselmar B. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis continued to increase in Swedish children up to 2007, but asthma and eczema levelled off from 1991. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:75-80.
  12. van Schayck CP, Smit HA. The prevalence of asthma in children: a reversing trend. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:647-650.
  13. Anderson RH, Gupta R, Strachan PD, Limb SE. 50 years of asthma: UK trends from 1955 to 2004. Thorax 2007; 62:85-90.
  14. Osman M, Tagiyeva N, Wassall HJ, Ninan TK, Devenny AM, McNeill G, Helms PJ, Russell G. Changing trends in sex specific prevalence rates for childhood asthma, eczema, and hay fever. Pediatr Pulmonol 2007; 42:60-65.
  15. Barnish MS, Tagiyeva N, Devereux G, Aucott L, Turner S. Diverging prevalence and different risk factors for childhood asthma and eczema: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:008446.
  16. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC). Eur Respir J 1998; 12:315-335.
  17. Pearce N, Aït-Khaled N, Beasley R, Mallol J, Keil U, Mitchell E, Robertson C; ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 2007; 62:758-766.
  18. Akinbami L, Simon AE, Rossen LM. Changing trends in asthma prevalence. Pediatrics 2016; 137:1-7.
  19. Anthracopoulos MB, Pandiora A, Fouzas S, Panagiotopoulou E, Liolios E, Priftis KN. Sex-specific trends in prevalence of childhood asthma over 30 years in Patras, Greece. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:1000-1005.
  20. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, Crapo R, Enright P, van der Grinten CP, Gustafsson P, et al. ATS/ERS Task Force. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:319-38.
  21. Graham BL, Steenbruggen I, Miller MR, Barjaktarevic IZ, Cooper BG, Hall GL, Hallstrand TS, Kaminsky DA, McCarthy K, McCormack MC, et al. Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:e70-e88.
  22. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Ip MS, Zheng J, et al; ERS Global Lung Function Initiative. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J 2012; 40:1324-43.
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States 2018: Current asthma among children under age 18 years, by race and Hispanic origin: United States, 2007–2017. Available at:https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2018/fig09.pdf. Assessed on 16 March 2021.
  24. Wennegren G, Ekerljung L, Alm B, Eriksson J, Lötvall J, Lundbäck B. Asthma in late adolescence – farm childhood is protective and the prevalence increase has levelled off. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21:806-813.
  25. Koshy G, Delpisheh A, Brabin BJ. Trends in prevalence of childhood and parental asthma in Merseyside, 1991-2006. J Public Health (Oxf) 2010; 32:488-95.
  26. Priftis KN, Mantzouranis EC, Anthracopoulos MB. Asthma symptoms and airway narrowing in children growing up in an urban versus rural environment. J Asthma 2009; 46:244-251.
  27. Priftis KN, Paliatsos AG, Panagiotopoulou-Gartagani P, Kotsonis K, Tapratzi-Potamianou. Decrease in childhood asthma in Athens, Greece from 2001 to 2005. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96:924-925.
  28. Toelle BG, Ng K, Belousova E, Salome CM, Peat JK, Marks GB. Prevalence of asthma and allergy in schoolchildren in Belmont, Australia: three cross sectional surveys over 20 years. BMJ 2004; 328:386-7.
  29. Kälvesten L, Bråbäck L. Time trend for the prevalence of asthma among school children in a Swedish district in 1985-2005. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97:454-458.
  30. Kroegel C, Wirtz H. History of guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: from opinion to control. Drugs 2009; 69:1189-204.
  31. Pekkanen J, Pearce N. Defining asthma in epidemiological studies. Eur Respir J 1999; 14:951-957.
  32. Magnus P, Jaakkola JJ. Secular trend in the occurrence of asthma among children and young adults: critical appraisal of repeated cross-sectional surveys. BMJ 1997; 314:1795-1799.
  33. Cane RS, Ranganathan SC, McKenzie SA. What do parents of wheezy children understand by “wheeze”? Arch Dis Child 2000; 82:327-332.
  34. Elphick HE, Ritson S, Rogers H, Everard ML. When “wheeze is not a wheeze: acoustic analysis of breath sounds in infants. Eur Respir J 2000; 16:593-597.
  35. Chang AB. Isolated cough: probably not asthma. Arch Dis Child 1999; 80:211-213.
  36. Donnelly D, Everard ML. ’Dry’ and ’wet’ cough: how reliable is parental reporting? BMJ Open Respir Res 2019; 6:e000375.