2.4.2 Gene diversity and clonal diversity
Gene diversity (expected heterozygosity: He ) of each population was calculated using ‘genetic diversity ’ function of GenoDive v. 3.04 (Meirmans & Van Tienderen, 2004; Meirmans, 2020). To examine clonal diversity, the number of clonal lineages was assessed using ‘assign clone ’ function. The function works by first calculating a matrix of genetic distances, and then choosing a threshold distance (Meirmans, 2020). If the distance between a pair of individuals is below a threshold, they are deemed to belong to the same clonal lineage (Meirmans, 2020). We calculated a matrix of genetic distances using an infinite allele model (in this calculation, missing data were discarded) and determined the threshold distance. Each clonal lineage was treated as a single genotype and Nei’s (1987) genetic diversity corrected for samples size (Div ) was calculated for each population using ‘clonal diversity ’ function. Clonal diversity index R (Dorken & Eckert, 2001) was also calculated. The index R was calculated by the equation: R = (G -1)/(N -1), where G is the number of distinct genotypes and N is the total number of sampled individuals.