Author’s contributions
MH, MEC, MK and KK collected the materials in this study. MH and AFH conducted MIG-seq. MH and KK conducted culture experiments. TJ and TW conducted GCMS analyses of sex pheromones. MH conducted phylogenetic and population genetic analyses. MH and KK wrote the manuscript with input from all authors.
Table 1 . Sample information and genetic diversity of each populations. Sex ratio, the number of female: the number of male: the number of samples having both famal and male markers in sex check PCR. reproductive mode of each population is indicated as S (sexual population) and P (parthenogenetic population). N , the number of samples from which SNPs data was successfully obtained; G , the number of distinct genotypes (distinct clonal lineages); He , gene diversity; Div , genetic diversity corrected for samples size;R , clonal diversity index. Clone codes are given to each clonal lineage; the clonal lineages found in multiple populations are indicated in bold and those from diploid samples are in underlined. For clonal lineages which found in multiple individuals in one population, the number of individuals is shown in parentheses. Values of genetic diversity indices are based on calculations using the haploid dataset, except for p24 and p27.