References:
1. Fernandes CJ, Morinaga LTK, Alves JL, et al. Cancer-associated
thrombosis: The when, how and why. Eur Respir Rev .
2019;28(151):1-11. doi:10.1183/16000617.0119-2018
2. Razak NBA, Jones G, Bhandari M, Berndt MC, Metharom P.
Cancer-associated thrombosis: An overview of mechanisms, risk factors,
and treatment. Cancers (Basel) . 2018;10(10):1-21.
doi:10.3390/cancers10100380
3. Quencer KB, Friedman T, Sheth R, Oklu R. Tumor thrombus: Incidence,
imaging, prognosis and treatment. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther .
2017;7(Suppl 3):S165-S177. doi:10.21037/cdt.2017.09.16
4. Szavay P, Luithle T, Semler O, Graf N, Fuchs J. Surgery of cavoatrial
tumor thrombus in nephroblastoma: A report of the SIOP/GPOH study.Pediatr Blood Cancer . 2004;43(1):40-45. doi:10.1002/pbc.20056
5. Cristofani LM, Duarte RJ, Almeida MT, Filho VO, Joao G, Srougi M.
Intracaval and Intracardiac Extension of Wilms ’ Tumor . The Influence
of Preoperative Chemotherapy on Surgical Morbidity. 2007;33(5):683-689.
6. Exhibit E, Looveren K Van, Snoeckx A, et al. Manifestations of tumour
thrombus in abdominal and retroperitoneal tumours . 2016.
7. Koreth R, Weinert C, Weisdorf DJ, Key NS. Measurement of bleeding
severity: A critical review. Transfusion . 2004;44(4):605-617.
doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03153.x
8. Schulman S, Anger SU, Bergqvist D, Eriksson B, Lassen MR, Fisher W.
Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of
antihemostatic medicinal products in surgical patients. J Thromb
Haemost . 2010;8(1):202-204. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03678.x
9. Lam JS, Klatte T, Breda A. Staging of renal cell carcinoma: Current
concepts. Indian J Urol . 25(4):446-454.
doi:10.4103/0970-1591.57906
10. Forner A, Reig ME, de Lope CR, Bruix J. Current strategy for staging
and treatment: the BCLC update and future prospects. Semin Liver
Dis . 2010;30(1):61-74. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1247133
11. Rohatgi S, Howard SA, Tirumani SH, Ramaiya NH, Krajewski KM.
Multimodality imaging of tumour thrombus. Can Assoc Radiol J .
2015;66(2):121-129. doi:10.1016/j.carj.2014.11.001
12. Legout JD, Bailey RE, Bolan CW, et al. Multimodality imaging of
abdominopelvic tumors with venous invasion. Radiographics .
2020;40(7):2098-2116. doi:10.1148/rg.2020200047
13. Emir S. Wilms tumor with intravascular tumor thrombus. Transl
Pediatr . 2014;3(1):29-33. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2014.01.03
14. Huang YL, Shih SL, Liu HC, Yeh TC. Hepatoblastoma with tumor
extension through the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. J
Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr . 2010;50(6):577.
doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181dcd277
15. Ting M, Rodriguez M, Gowda ST, Anders M, Qureshi AM, Grimes A.
Cardiovascular recurrence of high-grade osteosarcoma presenting as
atrial thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: A case report and review of
the pediatric literature. Pediatr Hematol Oncol .
2019;36(4):244-251. doi:10.1080/08880018.2019.1624902
16. Karnes RJ, Gettman MT, Anderson PM, Lager DJ, Blute ML. Primitive
neuroectodermal tumor (Extraskeletal Ewing’s Sarcoma) of the kidney with
vena caval tumor thrombus. J Urol . 2000;164(3 I):772.
doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67301-6
17. Bagatell R, Morgan E, Cosentino C, Whitesell L. Two cases of
pediatric neuroblastoma with tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava.J Pediatr Hematol Oncol . 2002;24(5):397-400.
doi:10.1097/00043426-200206000-00015
18. Newkirk L, Vater Y, Oxorn D, Mulligan M, Conrad E. Intraoperative
TEE for the management of pulmonary tumour embolism during
chondroblastic osteosarcoma resection. Can J Anesth .
2003;50(9):886-890. doi:10.1007/BF03018733
19. Shapiro M, Wistinghausen B, Midulla P, Chin C. Metastatic
osteosarcoma presenting as a singlepulmonary microembolus. J
Pediatr Surg . 2011;46(3):574-576. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.01.001
20. Yedururi S, Morani AC, Gladish GW, et al. Cardiovascular involvement
by osteosarcoma: an analysis of 20 patients. Pediatr Radiol .
2016;46(1):21-33. doi:10.1007/s00247-015-3449-y
21. Dotson J, Urella M, Shenouda M, Abu-Hashyeh A, Lebowicz Y.
Extraosseous Ewing Sarcoma Presenting with Inferior ST-Elevation
Myocardial Infarction and Systemic Emboli due to Tumor Thrombus and
Invasion of the Left Atrium. Case Rep Orthop . 2020;2020:1-4.
doi:10.1155/2020/3861927
22. Cox SG, Thomas ADJ, Hewitson ABJ, Millar ANAJW. Surgical management
and outcomes of 12 cases of Wilms tumour with intracardiac extension
from a single centre. 2018:227-235. doi:10.1007/s00383-017-4197-x
23. Xu S, Sun N, Ping W, Hong Z, Song C, Ru C. Management of Wilms tumor
with intravenous thrombus in children : a single center experience.World J Pediatr . 2019;15(5):476-482.
doi:10.1007/s12519-019-00272-0
24. Serena G, Gonzalez J, Gaynor JJ, Salerno T, Verzaro R, Ciancio G.
Pulmonary tumor embolization as early manifestation in patients with
renal cell carcinoma and tumor thrombus: Perioperative management and
outcomes. J Card Surg . 2019;34(10):1018-1023.
doi:10.1111/jocs.14182
Figure 1: Distribution of solid tumor malignancies with tumor thrombus
in our patient cohort.