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TABLES:
Table 1: Comparison of clinical backgrounds between the MRSA-group and the no-MRSA group and between the vaginal-MRSA group and the no-vaginal MRSA group
 
 
Parameters
MRSA
No-MRSA
p-value
 
Vaginal MRSA
No-vaginal MRSA
p-value
-group
-group
-group
-group
(N=55)
(N=843)
(N=9)
(N=889)
Age, median (interquartile range)
30
31
0.3
 
32
31
0.48
(28.0-34.0)
(28.0-34.0)
(28.5-35.0)
(28.0-34.0)
Delivery week, median (interquartile range)
39 (38.0-40.0)
39 (38.0-40.0)
0.676
39 (39.0-40.0)
39 (38.0-40.0)
BMI, median (interquartile range)
21.19
20.34
0.59
20.43
20.32
0.17
(18.6-23.4)
(19.0-22.4)
(19.8-22.8)
(18.9-22.4)
Multipara
37 (67.3)
408 (48.4)
0.0078
9(100)
436(49.0)
0.0017
Parity>=2
15(27.3)
119(14.1)
0.017
6(66.7)
128(14.4)
0.0006
Healthcare provider
16 (29.1)
116(13.8)
0.0048
0(0.0)
132(14.8)
0.37
History of SA
14 (25.5)
244(28.9)
0.65
3(33.3)
255(28.7)
0.73
History of ART
4 (7.3)
63 (7.5)
0.79
0(0.0)
67(7.54)
1
Preterm labor at enrollment
4 (7.3)
56 (6.6)
0.78
0(0.0)
60(6.75)
1
Use of antibiotics during pregnancy
5 (9.1)
32 (3.8)
0.069
1(11.1)
36(4.05)
0.32
Twin pregnancy
1(1.8)
6(0.72)
0(0.0)
7(0.79)
GDM
2 (3.6)
38 (4.5)
1
0(0.0)
40(4.50)
1
HDP
5(9.1)
62(7.4)
0.59
0(0.0)
67(7.54)
1
Regular visit
17 (30.9)
188 (22.3)
0.45
3(33.3)
202(22.7)
0.43
Alcohol consumption
1 (1.8)
18 (2.1)
1
0(0.0)
19(2.14)
1
Smoking
1 (1.8)
37 (4.4)
0.72
0(0.0)
38(4.27)
1
History of surgery
3 (5.5)
64 (7.6)
0.79
2(22.2)
65(7.31)
0.14
Hospitalization during pregnancy
1 (1.8)
14 (1.7)
0.62
0(0.0)
15(1.69)
1
GBS
10 (18.2)
104 (12.3)
0.21
 
1(11.1)
113(12.7)
1
Note. SA, spontaneous abortion; ART, artificial reproductive technique; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; GBS, Group B streptococcus.
Values are presented as n(%) or as otherwise indicated.
 
 
Table 2: Vertical transmission of MRSA from mother to neonates
A: Odds of vertical MRSA transmission based on maternal MRSA colonization status
Maternal MRSA infection status
n
Neonatal MRSA positive, n(%)
OR (95%CI)
p-value
No-MRSA group
843
1 (0.12)
ref
MRSA-group
55
7 (12.7)
124 (20.3-1393)
<0.0001
Nasal-MRSA group
46
3 (6.38)
59.2 (6.0-581)
0.0005
Vaginal-MRSA group
9
4 (44.4)
678 (64.0-7197)
<0.0001
 
 
 
 
 
No-vaginal MRSA group
896
4 (0.45)
ref
 
Vaginal MRSA group
9
4 (44.4)
178 (39.9-782)
<0.0001
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B:  Odds of vertical transmission of MRSA; multivariant logistic regression analysis
Parameter
OR (95%CI)
p-value
Maternal MRSA carrier
158 (18.0-1380)
<0.0001
Multiparous
0.84(0.14-4.92)
0.85
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3: Univariate analysis between the MRSA-group and the no-MRSA group and between the vaginal-MRSA group and the no-vaginal-MRSA group. Chi-squared analysis was performed.
 
Characteristics
MRSA-group
(N=56)
no-MRSA group
(N=849)
 
p-value
 
Vaginal MRSA-group
(n=9)
No-vaginal MRSA group
(n=896)
 
p-value
pH<7.15
4(7.14)
35(4.12%)
0.295
 
0
39(4.35%)
1.0
AP 1 min≦4
1(1.79)
14(1.65%)
1.0
 
0
15(1.67%)
1.0
AP 5 min≦7
0(0.0)
2(0.24%)
1.0
 
0
2(0.22%)
1.0
Birthweight < 2500
5(8.93)
77(9.07%)
1.0
 
0
82(9.15%)
1.0
NICU admission
7(12.5)
116(13.66%)
1.0
 
0
123(13.73%)
0.618
Neonatal SSTIs
3(5.4)
7(0.82%)
0.0197
 
2(22.22%)
8(0.89%)
0.0038
Table 4: Maternal and clinical backgrounds and clinical course of neonates with skin infection.
Group
Location
Fetal sample
Species
Lesion
Onset day
Symptom
Outcome
Weeks
Weight
pH
AP 1min/5min
M
N, V
Na, Um
MRSA
Umbilical stump
day1
Eczema
SR
40
2600
7.185
9/10
M
N, V
Na, Um
MRSA
Trunk, left side of neck
day1
Impetigo, abscess
Drainage
39
3485
7.273
8/9
M
N,
None
MRSA
Axilla
day3
Abscess
LD
40
3235
7.139
8/9
non-M
None
GBS, E.coli
Axilla
day1
Inflammation
LD
39
3020
7.385
8/9
non-M
None
MSSA
Neck, axilla
day2
Inflammation
LD
40
3245
7.287
8/9
non-M
None
MRSA
Head, chest, scrotum
day3
Rash
LD
40
3565
7.314
8/10
non-M
None
Entero.
faecalis
Jaw
day3
Impetigo
SR
40
3965
7.334
8/9
non-M
None
E.coli
Umbilical stump
day4
Inflammation
SR
37
2940
7.349
8/9
non-M
None
E.coli
Axilla
day5
Rash
LD
40
2875
7.251
8/9
non-M
None
GBS, E.coli
Axilla
day6
Inflammation
LD
38
2910
7.204
8/9
Note. – M, maternal MRSA-positive; non-M, maternal MRSA-negative; SR, spontaneous remission; LD, local disinfection; N, nasal cavity; V, vagina; Weeks, gestational weeks at delivery; AP, Apgar score.