Figure 26. Response on motor energization.
The field current for the DFIG went beyond its limit of 2.2pu because it
was energized at a slightly higher excitation level. With proper setting
of the DFIG reactive power reference, it is possible to energize the
motor at lower excitation thus keeping the energization transient to
below 2.2pu. The voltage dip associated with motor starting last for
about a second and this is permissible as per most low voltage ride
through criterion.
4. Conclusion
Analysis on SCIG and DFIG based hybrid windfarm in emergency restorative
conditions with focus on load pickup and component re-energization is
provided. The range of operation of both the windfarms was first
analyzed from both an active and reactive power response perspective. An
additional pitch control based on dump load power was implemented to
prevent the excess production of power at a time when the dump load
power absorption power has been exceeded. The ability to pick up
inductive load for the SCIG based system is governed by the SC
capability and availability of capacitor banks while for the DFIG
system, it is dependent on the both the SC and DFIG reference settings
which can be adjusted to lower the excitation levels and pick up more
inductive load.
The 2 most common power quality issues related to windfarm operation,
harmonics and flicker, have been used to determine the hosting capacity
of the respective hybrid systems. Due to reduced network sources in
restorative conditions, harmonic and flicker effect will be more
magnified. As expected, flicker has a significant effect on the SCIG
based system while harmonics have a significant effect on the DFIG based
system. For maximum wind speed variation (worst case scenario) the
voltage and frequency of the SCIG based hybrid system could not stay
within its technical limit thus flicker mitigation techniques are
required. This was not an issue for the DFIG based system. The harmonic
levels were well below the limit for the DFIG based hybrid system.
The capability of the hybrid systems to perform re-energization
functions, similar to conventional blackstart units was investigated.
This has been successfully proven for the case of transformer, HV
underground cable, overhead lines and motor energization. Cranking up of
other WECSs in the same windfarm was also examined using previous work
(by the same author) proposed windfarm starting model. Regulation of the
excitation levels is important for proper re-energization. Careful
consideration is required for DFIG based hybrid systems on energization
of compensated lines due to the increased risk of missing zero
phenomenon. Apart from that, the DFIG based hybrid system was superior
in performance and flexibility.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge funding support to carry out this research from
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand’s National
Science Challenge- Resilience to Nature’s Challenge and in particular
the project on Electricity Distribution Resilience Framework informed by
West Coast Alpine Fault Scenario; University of Auckland under Faculty
Research Development Fund (FRDF) Grant 3709532 and QuakeCoRE-New Zealand
Centre for Earthquake Resilience.
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