Study Age groups Age groups Sample types Diagnostic tools Overall Detection
Luo et al., 2011 Suckling Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR 48 of 60 (80%)
Nursery Fecal samples Fecal samples 48 of 60 (80%)
Finisher Fecal samples Fecal samples 64 of 80 (80%)
Mor et al., 2012 Suckling Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR 78 of 122 (64%)
Nursery Fecal samples Fecal samples 50 of 81 (62%)
Finisher Fecal samples Fecal samples 38 of 66 (58%)
Brnic ̵́ et al., 2013 Suckling Serum samples Serum samples RT-PCR 0 of 75 (0%)
Finisher Serum samples Serum samples 4 of 50 (8%)
Gilts Serum samples Serum samples 2 of 25 (8%)
Sows Serum samples Serum samples 1 of 30 (3%)
Dufkova et al., 2013 Suckling Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR /Sequencing 19 of 66 (29%)
Nursery Fecal samples Fecal samples 29 of 46 (63%)
Finisher Fecal samples Fecal samples 7 of 51 (21%)
Sows Fecal samples Fecal samples 12 of 33 (24%)
Brnic ̵́ et al., 2014 Suckling Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR /Sequencing 31 of 34 (92%)
Finisher Fecal samples Fecal samples 16 of 16 (100%)
Gilts Fecal samples Fecal samples 11 of 11 (100%)
Sows Fecal samples Fecal samples 14 of 19 (74%)
Boars Fecal samples Fecal samples 9 of 11 (82%)
Machnowska et al., 2014 Finisher Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR 25 of 120 (21%)
Li et al., 2015 Suckling Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR 14 of 497 (3%)
O’Shea et al., 2016 Nursery Fecal samples Fecal samples WGS 3 of 8 (38%)
Padmanabhan et al., 2016 Suckling Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR /Sequencing 18 of 94 (19%)
Nasal samples Nasal samples 20 of 95 (21%)
Schiavon et al., 2016 Suckling Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR /EM/Sequencing 1 of 1 (100%)
Arruda et al., 2017 Nursery CNS samples CNS samples Histopathology/ RT-PCR /Sequencing 1 of 2 (50%)
Sows 3 of 4 (75%)
Lachapelle et al., 2017 NA Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR /Sequencing 99 of 105 (94%)
Environmental samples (interior) Environmental samples (interior) 73 of 85 (86%)
Environmental samples (exterior) Environmental samples (exterior) 15 of 63 (24%)
Environmental samples (Abattoir) Environmental samples (Abattoir) 68 of 99 (69%)
Livestock transport vehicle samples Livestock transport vehicle samples 34 of 82 (42%)
Matias et al., 2018 Suckling CNS samples CNS samples Metagenomic sequencing/RT-PCR/ ISH/histology 1 of 1 (100%)
Sows 3 of 3 (100%)
Rawal et al., 2019d NA Fecal samples Fecal samples RT-PCR 261 of 314 (83%)