BMI, Body Mass Index; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SD, standard deviation.

^a Numbers may not add up to totals due to missing values, ranging from 0.3% to 0.9% (level of education, chronic hypertension, pre-existing diabetes, pre-pregnancy BMI, and parity), 1.0% to 1.4% (country of birth, asthma, depression, and history of preeclampsia), and 2.1% to 2.3% (smoking and alcohol during pregnancy). For calcium-containing supplement use, the percentage of missing values was 24.2%, because details on multivitamin use were unavailable in The Dutch Pregnancy Drug Register.