Outcome Assessment
Arrhythmia recurrence and peri-procedural complications were ascertained based on monitoring
strategies suggested in the 2017 Heart Rhythm Society3(HRS) consensus document. Arrhythmia
recurrence was defined as any AF or atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT) sustained for >30 s recorded by
a surface electrocardiogram or rhythm monitoring device after a 90-day blanking period.
Procedure-related complications, including major bleeding, phrenic nerve palsy,
cerebral embolism, pericardial effusion/tamponade, atrioesophageal fistula, or extended
hospitalization (>48 hours) were assessed.
All patients were observed in the hospital for a minimum of one-night post-ablation. Routine
follow-up (history, exam, and electrocardiography ) was performed at the outpatient
clinic or by a local cardiologist at 3, 6, and 12 months, and additionally, if prompted by
symptoms. Holters or event monitors were arranged for patients in whom symptoms suggestive
of AF developed in the post blanking phase of follow-up. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy, if present
at the time of ablation was discontinued at the 3-month follow-up visit. Outcomes were assessed
via electronic health record reviews or phone interviews.