Methods
We captured 42 adult feral pigeons (Columba livia ) from two free-living populations located 50 km apart, one in Barcelona (DD coordinates: 41.38879, -2.15899, n = 23 pigeons) and another from MoiĆ  (41.81112-2.09839, n = 19). The two populations show substantial differences in their foraging ecology, with individuals from Barcelona spending more time foraging and relying more on active searching for food than on sit-and-wait strategies than those form MoiĆ  (Sol 2008).
After capture, individuals were measured (wing, tail, tarsus and beak lengths), banded with a unique combination of coloured rings, and randomly assigned to four outdoor aviaries of 2x4x2 m (8-12 individuals from the same population). Each aviary was provided with roosting sites,ad libitum food (a commercial mixture of food) and water. For the experiments, individuals were relocated in individual cages of 70x50x40 cm containing a feeder and a watering bowl. Experimental cages were located indoors, to homogenize the conditions in which assays were conducted. During assays, birds were observed from behind a blind to avoid disturbance by the observer. Six individuals were tested simultaneously, assigned at random within each of the four outdoor aviaries. Experiments were videotaped and behaviour was scored using the software Jwatcher (https://www.jwatcher.ucla.edu/). All animal care, husbandry, and experimental procedures were in accordance with the Spanish code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes and were approved by the Generalitat de Catalunya (0152S).