Included Studies
Five randomized-controlled studies were included. One (Schulman, 2015) was placebo-controlled while the rest (Akizawa, 2009; Cha, 2016; Konishi, 2008; Yorioka, 2008) were open-label studies comparing AST-120 plus routine treatment versus routine treatment alone. The EPPIC-1 and EPPIC-2 trials are combined in the Schulman 2015 study.