Included Studies
Five randomized-controlled studies were included. One (Schulman, 2015)
was placebo-controlled while the rest (Akizawa, 2009; Cha, 2016;
Konishi, 2008; Yorioka, 2008) were open-label studies comparing AST-120
plus routine treatment versus routine treatment alone. The EPPIC-1 and
EPPIC-2 trials are combined in the Schulman 2015 study.