References
1. I. Heyman, E. Fombonne, H. Simmons, T. Ford, H. Meltzer, R. Goodman
(2003) Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the British
nationwide survey of child mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry
15:178–184.
2. G. Masi, S. Millepiedi, G. Perugi, C. Pfanner, S. Berloffa, C. Pari,
M. Mucci, H.S. Akiskal (2010) A naturalistic exploratory study of the
impact of demographic, phenotypic and comorbid features in pediatric
obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopathology 43:69–78.
3. H. Kandemir, M. Abuhandan, N. Aksoy, E. Savik, C. Kaya (2013)
Oxidative imbalance in child and adolescent patients with obsessive
compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 47:1831–1834.
4. N. Konuk, I.O. Tekın, U. Ozturk, L. Atik, N. Atasoy, S. Bektas, A.
Erdogan (2007) Plasma Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and
Interleukin-6 in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Mediators Inflamm
2007:1–5.
5. A. Berdowska, K. Zwirska-Korczala (2001) Neopterin measurement in
clinical diagnosis. J Clin Pharm Ther 26:319–329.
6. N. Müller (2014) Immunology of major depression.
Neuroimmunomodulation 21:123–130.
7. B. Sperner-Unterweger, C. Kohl, D. Fuchs (2014) Immune changes and
neurotransmitters: Possible interactions in depression?. Prog
Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 48:268–276.
8. B. Strasser, B. Sperner-Unterweger, D. Fuchs, J.M. Gostner (2016)
Mechanisms of Inflammation-Associated Depression: Immune Influences on
Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Metabolisms, in: R. Dantzer, L. Capuron
(Eds.), Inflammation-Associated Depress. Evidence, Mech. Implic.
Springer International Publishing, Cham pp. 95–115.
9. O. Akyol, S. Zoroglu, F. Armutcu, S. Sahin, A. Gurel (2004) Nitric
oxide as a physiopathological factor in neuropsychiatric disorders. In
Vivo (Brooklyn) 18:377–390.
10. M. Yanik, H. Vural, A. Kocyiǧit, H. Tutkun, S.S. Zoroǧlu, H. Herken,
H.A. Savaş, A. Köylü, Ö. Akyol (2003) Is the arginine-nitric oxide
pathway involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia?.
Neuropsychobiology 47:61–65.
11. H. Bielau, R. Brisch, J. Bernard-Mittelstaedt, H. Dobrowolny, T.
Gos, B. Baumann, C. Mawrin, H.G. Bernstein, B. Bogerts, J. Steiner
(2012) Immunohistochemical evidence for impaired nitric oxide signaling
of the locus coeruleus in bipolar disorder. Brain Res 1459:91–99.
12. E. O’Toole, M. V. Doucet, E. Sherwin, A. Harkin (2016) Novel Targets
in the Glutamate and Nitric Oxide Neurotransmitter Systems for the
Treatment of Depression. Elsevier Inc.
13. F. Ünal, F. Öktem, F. Çetin Çuhadaroğlu, S.E. Çengel Kültür, D.
Akdemir, D. Foto Özdemir, H.T. Çak, D. Ünal, K. Tiraş, C. Aslan, B.M.
Kalayci, B.S. Aydos, F. Kütük, E. Taşyürek, R. Karaokur, B. Karabucak,
B. Karakök, Y. Karaer, A. Artik (2019) Reliability and validity of the
schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age
children-present and lifetime version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish
adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T). Turk Psikiyatr Derg 30:42–50.
14. A.G. Yucelen, A. Rodopman-Arman, V. Topcuoglu, M.Y. Yazgan, G. Fisek
(2006) Interrater reliability and clinical efficacy of Children’s
Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in an outpatient setting. Compr
Psychiatry 47:48–53.
15. S.E. Swedo, H.L. Leonard, M. Garvey, B. Mittleman, A.J. Allen, S.
Perlmutter, S. Dow, J. Zamkoff, B.K. Dubbert, L. Lougee (1998) Pediatric
autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal
infections: Clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry
155:264–271.
16. S.B.A.H.A. Fluitman, D.A.J.P. Denys, C.J. Heijnen, H.G.M. Westenberg
(2010) Disgust affects TNF-α, IL-6 and noradrenalin levels in patients
with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology
35:906–911.
17. R. Çolak Sivri, A. Bilgiç, İ. Kılınç (2018) Cytokine, chemokine and
BDNF levels in medication-free pediatric patients with
obsessive–compulsive disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry
27:977–984.
18. L. Erbay, N. Kavuran, Ç. Taşkapan, L. İnce, S. Yoloğlu, H. Temelli,
S. Nal (2018) Serum IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ
levels in drug-free, comorbidity-free obsessive-compulsive disorder
patients. Anatol J Psychiatry 19:157–162.
19. T.D. Cosco, T. Pillinger, H. Emam, M. Solmi, S. Budhdeo, A. Matthew
Prina, M. Maes, D.J. Stein, B. Stubbs, A.F. Carvalho (2019) Immune
Aberrations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: a Systematic Review and
Meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 56:4751–4759.
20. F. Brambilla, G. Perna, L. Bellodi, C. Arancio, A. Bertani, G.
Perini, C. Carraro, F. Gava (1997) Plasma Interleukin-1β and Tumor
Necrosis Factor Concentrations in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders. Biol
Psychiatry 42:976–981.
21. P. Monteleone, F. Catapano, M. Fabrazzo, A. Tortorella, M. Maj
(1998) Decreased blood levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients
with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychobiology 37:182–185.
22. D. Lilic, A.J. Cant, M. Abinun, J.E. Calvert, G.P. Spickett (1997)
Cytokine production differs in children and adults. Pediatr Res
42:237–240.
23. M. Kuloğlu, M. Atmaca, S. Önal, Ö. Geçici, V. Bulut, E. Tezcan
(2007) Neopterin levels and dexamethasone suppression test in
obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 151:265–270.
24. T.L. Sweeten, D.J. Posey, C.J. McDougle (2003) High blood monocyte
counts and neopterin levels in children with autistic disorder. Am J
Psychiatry 160:1691–1693.
25. R. Hoekstra, D. Fekkes, L. Pepplinkhuizen, A.J.M. Loonen, S.
Tuinier, W.M.A. Verhoeven (2006) Nitric oxide and neopterin in bipolar
affective disorder. Neuropsychobiology 54:75–81.
26. M.A. Richardson, L.L. Read, C.L.T. Clelland, M.A. Reilly, H.M. Chao,
R.W. Guynn, R.F. Suckow, J.D. Clelland (2005) Evidence for a
tetrahydrobiopterin deficit in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology
52:190–201.
27. B. Widner, A. Laich, B. Sperner-Unterweger, M. Ledochowski, D. Fuchs
(2002) Neopterin production, tryptophan degradation, and mental
depression—what is the link?. Brain Behav Immun 16:590–595.
28 M. Atmaca, E. Tezcan, M. Kuloglu, B. Ustundag (2005) Plasma nitrate
values in patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin
Neurosci 59:621–623.
29 M. Topaloglu, E. Tuzun, H. Gulec, E.S. Bireller, B. Cakmakoglu, C.I.
Kucukali (2017) Neuronal nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms in
obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nord J Psychiatry 71:115–119.
30. A. Maia, J. Oliveira, M. Lajnef, L. Mallet, R. Tamouza, M. Leboyer,
A.J. Oliveira‐Maia (2019) Oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in
obsessive–compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Acta Psychiatr Scand 139:420–433.