Phenotype definition
Phenotypic data in this study were derived from UK Biobank, a population-based cohort consisting of 502,641 participants aged between 40 and 69 15. Participants underwent a baseline assessment capturing sociodemographic and health status, including age, sex, BMI and HGS (both left and right). Jamar dynamometer was used for the assessment of left HGS and right HGS16, 17. C-sections were self-reported at the nurse-validated baseline assessment.