Figure C. The different annual mean temperature and annual
precipitation along the altitude. The data was
obtained
from
WordlClim
database (http://worldclim.org/).
Data Accessibility Statement
We agree to
deposit our data to a public
repository.
The
data that support the findings of this study will be deposited inDryad upon acceptance.
References
And, M. D. L., & Hamrick, J. L. (1984). Ecological Determinants of
Genetic Structure in Plant Populations. Annual Review of Ecology
& Systematics, 15 (1), 65-95.
Anna-Barbara Utelli, W. H., Hans-Jakob Zopfi (1995). Phenotypic
plasticity in alpine Erigeron species (Asteraceae). Nordic Journal
of Botany, 15 (5), 483-492.
Bassam BJ, C.-A. G., Gresshoff PM (1991). Fast and sensitive silver
staining of DNA in polyacrylamide gels. analytical biochemistry,
196 , 80-83.
Beaumont, M. A., & Balding, D. J. (2004). Identifying adaptive genetic
divergence among populations from genome scans. Molecular Ecology,
13 (4), 969-980.
Beaumont, M. A., & Nichols, R. A. (1996). Evaluating Loci for Use in
the Genetic Analysis of Population Structure. Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London, 263 (1377), 1619-1626.
Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., & Courchamp,
F. (2012). Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity.Ecol Lett, 15 (4), 365-377. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x
Bensch, S., & Akesson, M. (2005). Ten years of AFLP in ecology and
evolution: why so few animals? Molecular Ecology, 14 (10),
2899–2914.
Bohm, R., Auer, I., Brunetti, M., Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., & Schoner, W.
(2001). Regional temperature variability in the European Alps: 1760-1998
from homogenized instrumental time series. International Journal
of Climatology, 21 (14), 1779-1801.
Bothwell, H., Bisbing, S., Therkildsen, N. O., Crawford, L., Alvarez,
N., Holderegger, R., & Manel, S. (2013). Identifying genetic signatures
of selection in a non-model species, alpine gentian (Gentiana nivalis
L.), using a landscape genetic approach. Conservation Genetics,
14 (2), 467-481.
Brandt, J. S., Haynes, M. A., Kuemmerle, T., Waller, D. M., & Radeloff,
V. C. (2013). Regime shift on the roof of the world: Alpine meadows
converting to shrublands in the southern Himalayas. Biological
Conservation, 158 , 116-127. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.026
Breshears, D. D., Huxman, T. E., Adams, H. D., Zou, C. B., & Davison,
J. E. (2008). Vegetation synchronously leans upslope as climate warms.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105 (33), 11591-11592.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0806579105
Bueno, M. L., Pennington, R. T., Dexter, K. G., Kamino, L. H. Y.,
Pontara, V., Neves, D. M., . . . de Oliveira, A. T. (2017). Effects of
Quaternary climatic fluctuations on the distribution of Neotropical
savanna tree species. Ecography, 40 (3), 403-414.
doi:10.1111/ecog.01860
Byars, S. G., Papst, W., & Hoffmann, A. A. (2007). LOCAL ADAPTATION AND
COGRADIENT SELECTION IN THE ALPINE PLANT, POA HIEMATA, ALONG A NARROW
ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT. Evolution, 61 (12), 2925–2941.
Chartier, M., Pélozuelo, L., Buatois, B., Bessière, J. M., & Gibernau,
M. (2013). Geographical variations of odour and pollinators, and test
for local adaptation by reciprocal transplant of two European Arum
species. Functional Ecology, 27 (6), 1367–1381.
Coop, G., Witonsky, D., Di Rienzo, A., & Pritchard, J. K. (2010). Using
environmental correlations to identify loci underlying local adaptation.Genetics, 185 (4), 1411-1423. doi:10.1534/genetics.110.114819
Davis, M. B., & Shaw, R. G. (2001). Range shifts and adaptive responses
to Quaternary climate change. Science, 292 (5517), 673-679.
doi:10.1126/science.292.5517.673
Davis, M. B., Shaw, R. G., & Etterson, J. R. (2008). EVOLUTIONARY
RESPONSES TO CHANGING CLIMATE. ecology, 86 (7), 1704-1714.
Dawson, T. P., Jackson, S. T., House, J. I., Prentice, I. C., & Mace,
G. M. (2011). Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in a
changing climate. Science, 332 (6025), 53-58.
doi:10.1126/science.1200303
E.E.K. Donald A. Falk, E. O. G. (2001). An introduction to
restoration genetics .
Earl, D. A., & Vonholdt, B. M. (2012). STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website
and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno
method. Conservation Genetics Resources, 4 (2), 1-3.
Ehrich, D. (2006). AFLPdat: a collection of R functions for convenient
handling of AFLP data. Mol. Ecol. Notes, 6 , 603-604.
Erickson, D. L., Hamrick, J. L., & Kochert, G. D. (2004). Ecological
determinants of genetic diversity in an expanding population of the
shrub Myrica cerifera. Molecular Ecology, 13 (6), 1655-1664.
Evanno, G., Regnaut, S., & Goudet, J. (2005). Detecting the number of
clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation
study. Mol Ecol, 14 (8), 2611-2620.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x
Excoffier, L., Hofer, T., & Foll, M. (2009). Detecting loci under
selection in a hierarchically structured population. Heredity
(Edinb), 103 (4), 285-298. doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.74
Excoffier, L., & Lischer, H. E. (2010). Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new
series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux
and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour, 10 (3), 564–567.
Fischer, M. C., Foll, M., Excoffier, L., & Heckel, G. (2011). Enhanced
AFLP genome scans detect local adaptation in high-altitude populations
of a small rodent (Microtus arvalis). Molecular Ecology, 20 (7),
1450-1462.
Foll, M., & Gaggiotti, O. (2008). A genome-scan method to identify
selected loci appropriate for both dominant and codominant markers: a
Bayesian perspective. Genetics, 180 (2), 977-993.
Forester, B. R., Jones, M. R., & Joost, S. (2016). Detecting spatial
genetic signatures of local adaptation in heterogeneous landscapes.25 (1), 104-120. doi:10.1111/mec.13476
Forsman, A. (2014). Rethinking phenotypic plasticity and its
consequences for individuals, populations and species. Heredity
(Edinb), 115 (4), 276-284. doi:10.1038/hdy.2014.92
Frankham, R. (2005). Genetics and extinction. Biological
Conservation, 126 (2), 131-140. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.002
Freeland, J. R. (2005). Molecular ecology : John Wiley & Sons
Ltd.
Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C., Krutovsky, K. V., & Neale, D. B. (2006).
Forest-tree population genomics and adaptive evolution. New
Phytol, 170 (2), 227-238. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01686.x
Goslee, S. C., & Urban, D. L. (2007). The ecodist Package for
Dissimilarity-based Analysis of Ecological Data. Journal of
Statistical Software, 22 (7), 1-19.
Gray, M. M., St Amand, P., Bello, N. M., Galliart, M. B., Knapp, M.,
Garrett, K. A., . . . Akhunov, E. D. (2014). Ecotypes of an ecologically
dominant prairie grass (Andropogon gerardii) exhibit genetic divergence
across the US Midwest grasslands’ environmental gradient.Molecular Ecology, 23 (24), 6011-6028.
H. A. PERSSON, B. A. G. (2001). The extent of clonality and genetic
diversity in lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) revealed by RAPDs
and leaf-shape analysis. Molecular Ecology, 10 (6), 1385–1397.
Hancock, A. M., Brachi, B., Faure, N., Horton, M. W., Jarymowycz, L. B.,
Sperone, F. G., . . . Bergelson, J. (2011). Adaptation to climate across
the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Science, 334 (6052), 83-86.
doi:10.1126/science.1209244
Harris, B. (1961). Theory of probability : Oxford at the Clarendon
Press.
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., & Jarvis,
A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global
land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25 (15),
1965-1978.
Hijmans, R. J., & Graham, C. H. (2006). The ability of climate envelope
models to predict the effect of climate change on species distributions.Glob Chang Biol, 12 (12), 2272-2281.
Hijmans, R. J., Guarino, L., Cruz, M., & Rojas, E. (2001). Computer
tools for spatial analysis of plant genetic resources data: 1. DIVA-GIS.Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 127 , 15-19.
Hohenlohe, P. A., Catchen, J., & Cresko, W. A. (2012). Population
genomic analysis of model and nonmodel organisms using sequenced RAD
tags : Humana Press.
Holderegger, R., Buehler, D., Gugerli, F., & Manel, S. (2010).
Landscape genetics of plants. Trends Plant Sci, 15 (12), 675-683.
doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.09.002
Hovenden, M. J., & Jkvander, S. (2004). Nature vs nurture in the leaf
morphology of Southern beech, Nothofagus cunninghamii (Nothofagaceae).New Phytologist, 161 (2), 585-594.
Jakobsson, M., & Rosenberg, N. A. (2007). CLUMPP: a cluster matching
and permutation program for dealing with label switching and
multimodality in analysis of population structure. Bioinformatics,
23 (14), 1801-1806.
Joost, S., Bonin, A., Bruford, M. W., Despres, L., Conord, C., Erhardt,
G., & Taberlet, P. (2007). A spatial analysis method (SAM) to detect
candidate loci for selection: towards a landscape genomics approach to
adaptation. Mol Ecol, 16 (18), 3955-3969.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03442.x
Körner, C. (2003). Alpine Plant Life-Functional Plant Ecology of
High Mountain Ecosystems . Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Kremen, C., Cameron, A., Moilanen, A., Phillips, S. J., Thomas, C. D.,
Beentje, H., . . . Zjhra, M. L. (2008). Aligning conservation priorities
across taxa in Madagascar with high-resolution planning tools.Science, 320 (5873), 222-226.
Kudo, G. (1992). Effect of snow-free duration on leaf life-span of four
alpine plant species. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70 (8),
1684-1688.
Kudo, G. (1993). Relationships between Flowering Time and Fruit Set of
the Entomophilous Alpine Shrub, Rhododendron aureum (Ericaceae),
Inhabiting Snow Patches. American Journal of Botany, 80 (11),
1300-1304
Lenoir, J., Gegout, J. C., Marquet, P. A., de Ruffray, P., & Brisse, H.
(2008). A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation
during the 20th century. Science, 320 (5884), 1768-1771.
doi:10.1126/science.1156831
Li, B., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Berendse, F., Blok, D., Maximov, T., &
Sass-Klaassen, U. (2016). The role of summer precipitation and summer
temperature in establishment and growth of dwarf shrub Betula nana in
northeast Siberian tundra. Polar Biology, 39 (7), 1245-1255.
doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1847-0
Liu, Y.-F., Xing, M., Zhao, W., Fan, R.-J., Luo, S., & Chen, X. (2012).
Genetic diversity analysis of Rhododendron aureum Georgi (Ericaceae)
located on Changbai Mountain using ISSR and RAPD markers. Plant
Systematics and Evolution, 298 (5), 921-930.
doi:10.1007/s00606-012-0601-0
Luikart, G., England, P. R., Tallmon, D., Jordan, S., & Taberlet, P.
(2003). The power and promise of population genomics: from genotyping to
genome typing. Nature Reviews Genetics, 4 (12), 981-994.
Magdy, M., Werner, O., McDaniel, S. F., Goffinet, B., & Ros, R. M.
(2016). Genomic scanning using AFLP to detect loci under selection in
the moss Funaria hygrometrica along a climate gradient in the Sierra
Nevada Mountains, Spain. Plant Biol (Stuttg), 18 (2), 280-288.
doi:10.1111/plb.12381
Manel, S., Poncet, B. N., Legendre, P., Gugerli, F., & Holderegger, R.
(2010a). Common factors drive adaptive genetic variation at different
spatial scales in Arabis alpina. Molecular Ecology, 19 (17),
3824-3835. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04716.x
Manel, S., Poncet, B. N., Legendre, P., Gugerli, F., & Holderegger, R.
(2010b). Common factors drive adaptive genetic variation at different
spatial scales in Arabis alpina. Mol Ecol, 19 (17), 3824-3835.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04716.x
Merow, C., Smith, M. J., & Silander, J. A. (2013). A practical guide to
MaxEnt for modeling species’ distributions: what it does, and why inputs
and settings matter. Ecography, 36 (10), 1058-1069.
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.07872.x
Meyer, C. L., Vitalis, R., Saumitou-Laprade, P., & Castric, V. (2009).
Genomic pattern of adaptive divergence in Arabidopsis halleri, a model
species for tolerance to heavy metal. Molecular Ecology, 18 (9),
2050-2062.
Mosca, E., González‐Martínez, S. C., & Neale, D. B. (2014).
Environmental versus geographical determinants of genetic structure in
two subalpine conifers. New Phytologist, 201 (1), 180-192.
Myers-Smith, I. H., Forbes, B. C., Wilmking, M., Hallinger, M., Lantz,
T., Blok, D., . . . Hik, D. S. (2011). Shrub expansion in tundra
ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities.Environmental Research Letters, 6 (4), 045509.
doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509
Myers-Smith, I. H., Hallinger, M., Blok, D., Sass-Klaassen, U., Rayback,
S. A., Weijers, S., . . . Wilmking, M. (2015). Methods for measuring
arctic and alpine shrub growth: A review. Earth-Science Reviews,
140 , 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.10.004
Naito, A. T., & Cairns, D. M. (2011). Patterns and processes of global
shrub expansion. Progress in Physical Geography, 35 (4), 423-442.
doi:10.1177/0309133311403538
Nei, M. (1973). Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations.pnas, 70 , 3321-3323.
Nei, M. (1978). ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE HETEROZYGOSITY AND GENETIC
DISTANCE FROM A SMALL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS. Genetics, 89 (3),
583-590.
Nicotra, A. B., Segal, D. L., Hoyle, G. L., Schrey, A. W., Verhoeven, K.
J., & Richards, C. L. (2015). Adaptive plasticity and epigenetic
variation in response to warming in an Alpine plant. Ecol Evol,
5 (3), 634-647. doi:10.1002/ece3.1329
Norman C. Ellstrand , D. R. E. (1993). Population Genetic Consequences
of Small Population Size: Implications for Plant Conservation.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24 , 217-242.
Nosil, P., & Rundle, H. D. (2012). Ecological speciation : Oxford
University Press.
Nunes, V. L., Beaumont, M. A., Butlin, R. K., & Paulo, O. S. (2011).
Multiple approaches to detect outliers in a genome scan for selection in
ocellated lizards (Lacerta lepida) along an environmental gradient.Mol Ecol, 20 (2), 193-205. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04936.x
Nybom, H., & Bartish, I. V. (2000). Effects of life history traits and
sampling strategies on genetic diversity estimates obtained with RAPD
markers in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and
Systematics, 3 (2), 93-114. doi:10.1078/1433-8319-00006
Ohsawa, T., & Ide, Y. (2008). Global patterns of genetic variation in
plant species along vertical and horizontal gradients on mountains.Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17 (2), 152-163.
doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00357.x
Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent
Climate Change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and
Systematics, 37 (1), 637-669.
doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100
Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent
Climate Change. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution & Systematics,
37 (1), 637-669.
Pauli, H., Gottfried, M., & Grabherr, G. (1996). Effects of climate
change on mountain ecosystems – Upward shifting of alpine plants.Supcon International Chicago IL, 8 (3).
Phillips SJ, A. R., Schapire RE. ( 2006). Maximum entropy modeling of
species geographic distributions. Ecol Model, 190 (231-259).
Phillips, S. J., & Dudik, M. (2008). Modeling of species distributions
with Maxent: new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation.Ecography, 31 (2), 161-175.
Pieter Vos, R. H., Marjo Bleeker, Martin Reijans, Theo van de Lee,
Miranda Hornes, Adrie Friters, Jerina Pot, Johan Paleman, Martin Kuiper
and Marc Zabeau (1995). AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting.Nucleic Acids Res, 23 (21), 4407-4414.
Poncet, B. N., Herrmann, D., Gugerli, F., Taberlet, P., Holderegger, R.,
Gielly, L., . . . Manel, S. (2010). Tracking genes of ecological
relevance using a genome scan in two independent regional population
samples of Arabis alpina. Mol Ecol, 19 (14), 2896-2907.
doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04696.x
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M., & Donnelly, P. (2000). Inference of
population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics,
7 (4), 574–578.
Rana, S. K., Rana, H. K., Ghimire, S. K., Shrestha, K. K., & Ranjitkar,
S. (2017). Predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution
of two threatened Himalayan medicinal plants of Liliaceae in Nepal.Journal of Mountain Science, 14 (3), 558-570.
doi:10.1007/s11629-015-3822-1
RC, L. ( 1972). The apportionment of human diversity. Evol Biol,
6 , 388-398.
Rohlf, F. J. (1997). NTSYS-pc Numerical taxonomy and multivariance
analysis system, version 2.02e. Exeter Software, Setauket, New York.
Sacks, B. N., Brown, S. K., & Ernest, H. B. (2004). Population
structure of California coyotes corresponds to habitat-specific breaks
and illuminates species history. Molecular Ecology, 13 (5),
1265-1275.
Savolainen, O., Pyhäjärvi, T., & Knürr, T. (2007). Gene Flow and Local
Adaptation in Trees. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and
Systematics, 38 (1), 595-619.
doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095646
Shryock, D. F., Havrilla, C. A., DeFalco, L. A., Esque, T. C., Custer,
N. A., & Wood, T. E. (2015). Landscape genomics of Sphaeralcea ambigua
in the Mojave Desert: a multivariate, spatially-explicit approach to
guide ecological restoration. Conservation Genetics, 16 (6),
1303-1317.
Staudinger, M. D., Grimm, N. B., Staudt, A., Carter, S. L., Chapin Iii,
F. S., Kareiva, P., . . . Stein, B. A. (Eds.). (2012) Center for
Integrated Data Analytics Wisconsin Science Center.
Storz, J. F. (2005). Using genome scans of DNA polymorphism to infer
adaptive population divergence. Molecular Ecology, 14 (3),
671-688.
Sturm, M., Racine, C. H., & Tape, K. D. (2001). Increasing Shrub
Abundance in the Arctic. Nature, 411 (6837), 546-547.
Sturm, M., Schimel, J., Michaelson, G., Welker, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F.,
Liston, G. E., . . . Romanovsky, V. E. (2005). Winter Biological
Processes Could Help Convert Arctic Tundra to Shrubland.Bioscience, 55 (1), 17-26.
Tanksley, S. D. (1993). Mapping polygenes. Annu Rev Genet, 27 ,
205-233. doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.27.120193.001225
Tape, K., Sturm, M., & Racine, C. (2006). The evidence for shrub
expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Glob Chang Biol,
12 (12), 686-702.
Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Araujo, M. B., Sykes, M. T., & Prentice, I.
C. (2005). Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102 (23), 8245-8250.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0409902102
Tikhonova, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., & Pimenova, E. A. (2012). AFLP
analysis of the genetic diversity of closely related rhododendron
species of the section rhodorastra (Ericaceae) from Siberia and the Far
East of Russia. Russian Journal of Genetics, 48 (10), 985-992.
Vranckx, G., Jacquemyn, H., Muys, B., & Honnay, O. (2012).
Meta-analysis of susceptibility of woody plants to loss of genetic
diversity through habitat fragmentation. Conserv Biol, 26 (2),
228-237. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01778.x
Walker, M. D., Wahren, C. H., Hollister, R. D., Henry, G. H. R.,
Ahlquist, L. E., Alatalo, J. M., . . . Carroll, A. B. (2006). Plant
community responses to experimental warming across the tundra biome.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103 (5), 1342-1346.
Wan, J. Z., Wang, C. J., Tan, J. F., & Yu, F. H. (2017). Climatic niche
divergence and habitat suitability of eight alien invasive weeds in
China under climate change. Ecol Evol, 7 (5), 1541-1552.
doi:10.1002/ece3.2684
Wang, I. J. (2013). Examining the Full Effects of Landscape
Heterogeneity on Spatial Genetic Variation: A Multiple Matrix Regression
Approach for Quantifying Geographic and Ecological Isolation.Evolution, 67 (12), 3403-3411.
Wang, I. J., & Bradburd, G. S. (2014). Isolation by environment.Molecular Ecology, 23 (23), 5649-5662.
Wang, T., Wang, Z., Xia, F., & Su, Y. (2016). Local adaptation to
temperature and precipitation in naturally fragmented populations of
Cephalotaxus oliveri, an endangered conifer endemic to China. Sci
Rep, 6 , 25031. doi:10.1038/srep25031
Warren, D. L., & Seifert, S. N. (2011). Ecological niche modeling in
Maxent: the importance of model complexity and the performance of model
selection criteria. Ecological Applications, 21 (2), 335-342.
Weber, J. N., Bradburd, G. S., Stuart, Y. E., Stutz, W. E., & Bolnick,
D. I. (2017). Partitioning the effects of isolation by distance,
environment, and physical barriers on genomic divergence between
parapatric threespine stickleback. Evolution, 71 (2), 342-356.
doi:10.1111/evo.13110
Wu, Z., Yu, D., Wang, Z., Li, X., & Xu, X. (2015). Great influence of
geographic isolation on the genetic differentiation of Myriophyllum
spicatum under a steep environmental gradient. Sci Rep, 5 (4),
15618.
Yang, A. H., Wei, N., Fritsch, P. W., & Yao, X. H. (2016a). AFLP Genome
Scanning Reveals Divergent Selection in Natural Populations of
Liriodendron chinense (Magnoliaceae) along a Latitudinal Transect.Front Plant Sci, 7 .
Yang, A. H., Wei, N., Fritsch, P. W., & Yao, X. H. (2016b). AFLP Genome
Scanning Reveals Divergent Selection in Natural Populations of
Liriodendron chinense (Magnoliaceae) along a Latitudinal Transect.Front Plant Sci, 7 , 698. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00698
Yang, X., & Wu, G. (1998). The strategy for conservation and
sustainable utilization of biodiversity in Changbaishan Biosphere
Reserve. Journal of Forestry Research, 9 (3), 217-222.
Yeh F, Y. R., Boyle T (1997). POPGENE, the user friendly shareware
for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Yoder, J. B., Stanton-Geddes, J., Zhou, P., Briskine, R., Young, N. D.,
& Tiffin, P. (2014). Genomic Signature of Adaptation to Climate in
Medicago truncatula. Genetics, 196 (4), 1263-+.
Yu, H., Luedeling, E., & Xu, J. (2010). Winter and spring warming
result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107 (51), 22151-22156.
Zulliger, D., Schnyder, E., & Gugerli, F. (2013). Are adaptive loci
transferable across genomes of related species? Outlier and
environmental association analyses in Alpine Brassicaceae species.Molecular Ecology, 22 (6), 1626-1639.