Co-morbidities and outcomes
Since the LHID 2005 does not include laboratory exam result\souts (i.e., HbA1C, c-reactive protein), we selected several clinical indicators to represent disease comorbidities, including several major organ diseases such as cardiovascular comorbidities, endocrine comorbidities, rheumatic or orthopedics comorbidities, oncology comorbidities, infection comorbidities, and miscellaneous comorbidities. Such comorbidities as hypertension, dyslipidemia, gout, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, interstitial lung disease, malignancy, stroke, and hepatitis B/C were recorded.