Fig.
7 Relationships between wind erosion and fractional vegetation cover
(FVC) in southern Africa between 1991 and 2015. (a) Spatial distribution
of FVC, and (b) spatial pattern for the correlations between wind
erosion and mean annual FVC.
4.3 Uncertainties and
limitations
Soil wind erosion is a common environmental problem in arid and
semi-arid areas across the world (Dewitte, Jones, Elbelrhiti, Horion, &
Montanarella, 2012). The relationship between dust emission sources and
soil erosion caused by wind in arid and semi-arid areas has been
previously reported (Bullard, Baddock, McTainsh, & Leys, 2008; Gillette
& Hanson, 1989; F. R. Li, Zhao, Zhang, Zhang, & Shirato, 2004), but
there are still challenges in quantifying the temporal and spatial soil
wind erosion patterns on a larger, regional scale. This study assessed
the changes in soil wind erosion across southern Africa between 1991 and
2015 (Fig. 2). The results showed that the spatial and temporal patterns
for soil wind erosion were basically the same as those obtained by
different methods. The inland areas of southern Africa and the Namib
Desert were the major areas affected by soil wind erosion (Goudie, 2008;
Symeonakis & Drake, 2010). Wiggs and Holmes (2011) conducted a field
assessment of dust deposition on farmland in Free State, South Africa,
and the erosion modulus from August 7 to November 13, 2007 was about
0.4819 t/ha, which was similar to this study (0.69 t/ha). In addition,
previous studies on large-scale spatial patterns for dust emissions also
showed that there was significant soil wind erosion in southern Africa
(Luo, Mahowald, & Corral, 2003; Shao et al., 2011). However, there are
still uncertainties in the model calculation results due to the low
availability of higher resolution data for southern Africa.
This study focused on analyzing the temporal and spatial patterns for
soil wind erosion and its influence factors rather than the precise
calculation of the amount of soil wind erosion at a certain point in
time or place. This meant that the results of this article are
referenceable. In addition, this study analyzed annual average
temperature, annual precipitation, and near-surface wind speed in order
to reveal the impact of long-term climate dynamics on soil wind erosion.
However, less attention was paid to the possible impact of a single
climate event on soil wind erosion. Future research should concentrate
on the effects of specific climate events, such as extreme drought or
precipitation caused by the ENSO, on soil wind erosion.
5. Conclusion
This study used the RWEQ model to evaluate soil wind erosion and its
temporal and spatial changes in southern Africa from 1991 to 2015. It
also investigated the impact of climate dynamics on soil wind erosion.
The results showed that the wind erosion changes in southern Africa
strongly fluctuated. The overall wind erosion modulus significantly
declined at the beginning of the study period, but then stabilized after
2010. However, soil wind erosion in the western coastal areas was very
serious and had an upward trend year by year. Near-surface wind speed is
the dominant factor affecting soil wind erosion. The near-surface wind
speed decline in southern Africa had a positive impact because it
reduced soil wind erosion across 68.18% of the study area. Furthermore,
soil wind erosion was significantly related to temperature and
precipitation (p < 0.05) in only 18.96% and 24.63% of the
area, respectively. In addition, the differences in vegetation cover due
to temperature and precipitation also indirectly affected soil wind
erosion in southern Africa. According to this multi-source data
analysis, increasing the vegetation coverage in arid and semi-arid areas
will effectively reduce near-surface wind speed. This will solidify the
soil, which, in turn, should play a positive role in decreasing and
controlling wind erosion.
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