References
1 Vanker EA, Ajayi NO, Lazarus L, Satyapal KS. The intramyocardial left anterior descending artery: prevalence and surgical considerations in coronary artery bypass grafting. S Afr J Surg. 2014 Feb;52(1):18-21.
2 Standring S, Ellis H, Healy JC, et al. Gray’s Anatomy. 39th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2005:1014.
3 Ge J, Erbel R, Rupprecht HJ, et al. Comparison of intravascular ultrasound and angiography in the assessment of myocardial bridging. Circulation 1994;89(4):1725-1732. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.89.4.1725]
4 Bandyopadhyay M, Das P, Baral K, Ckakroborty P. Morphlogical study of myocardial bridge on the coronary arteries. Indian J ThoracCardivasc Surg 2010;26(3):193-197. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12055-010-0044-6]
5 Aydin U, Kocogullari CU. A method for locating embedded left anterior descending coronary arteries. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013 Jan;95(1):360-1.
6 Sanders LH, Soliman HM, van Straten BH. Management of right ventricular injury after localization of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 2009;88:665–7.
7 Topol EJ, Califf RM, Isner J, et al. Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
8 De Rosa R1, Sacco M, Tedeschi C, Pepe R, Capogrosso P, Montemarano E, et al. Prevalence of coronary artery intramyocardial course in a large population of clinical patients detected by multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography. Acta Radiol. 2008 Oct;49(8):895-901.
9 Angelini P, Velasco JA, Flamm S. Coronary anomalies: incidence, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance. Circulation 2002;/105:/244954.
10 Burnsides C, Edwards JC, Lansing AI, Swarm RL. Arteriosclerosis in the intramural and extramural portions of coronary arteries in the human heart. Circulation 1956;/13:/23541.
11 Ferreira AG Jr, Trotter SE, Konig B Jr, Decourt LV, Fox K, Olsen EG. Myocardial bridges: morphological and functional aspects. Br Heart J 1991;/66:/3647.
12 Ishimori T. Myocardial bridges: a new horizon in the evaluation of ischemic heart disease. Cath Cardiovasc Diagn 1980;/6:/3557.
13 Kramer JR, Kitazume H, Proudfit WL, SonesFMJr. Clinical significance of isolated coronary bridges: benign and frequent condition involving the left anterior descending artery. Am Heart J 1982;/103:/2838.
14 Wymore P, Yedlicka JW, Garcia-Medina V, Olivari MT, Hunter DW, Castaneda-Zuniga WR, et al. The incidence of myocardial bridges in heart transplants. Cardiovasc InterventRadiol 1989;/12:/2026.
15 Sajjadieh A1, Hekmatnia A, Keivani M, Asoodeh A, Pourmoghaddas M, Sanei H. Diagnostic performance of 64-row coronary CT angiography in detecting significant stenosis as compared with conventional invasive coronary angiography. ARYA Atheroscler. 2013 Mar;9(2):157-63.
16 Ellis S, Alderman E, Cain K, Fisher L, Sanders W, Bourassa M. Prediction of risk of anterior myocardial infarction by lesion severity and measurement method of stenoses in the left anterior descending coronary distribution: a CASS Registry Study. J Am Coll Cardiol1988;11:908-16.
17 De Salvatore S1, Segreto A1, Chiusaroli A1, Congiu S2, Bizzarri F1. Surgical Management of Intramyocardial Left Anterior Descending Artery. J Card Surg. 2015 Nov;30(11):805-7. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12639. Epub 2015 Sep 24.
18 Ochsner JL, Mills NL: Surgical management of diseased intracavitary coronary arteries. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;38:356–362.
19 Parachuri R, Chattuparambil B: Marsupialization of intramyocardial left anterior descending artery: A novel approach for easy access during revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:2390–2392.
20 Apostolakis E, Koletsis E, Leivaditis V, et al: A safe technique of exposing of a ‘hidden’ left anterior descending artery. J Card Surg 2007;22:505–506.
21 Ziadinov E, Al-sabti H: Localizing intramyocardially embedded left anterior descending artery during coronary bypass surgery: Literature review. J Cardiothorac Surg
2013;1–5.
22 Miwa S, Nishina T, Ueyama K, et al: Visualization of intramuscular left anterior descending coronary arteries during off-pump bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2004;
77:344–346.
23 Singh SK, Ihnken KA: Intraoperative fluorescence angiography to identify and confirm repair of intramyocardial left anterior descending coronary artery aneurysm. Ann Thorac Surg 2010;90:e62.
24 Aydin U, Kocogullari CU: A method for locating embedded left anterior. Ann Thorac Surg 2013;95:360–361.
Figure 1. LAD depression and “wide-U” (Cicekcioglu sign) (arrow) [a. Right caudal b. Right cranial oblique c. Right cranial oblique d. Anterior-posterior cranial]
Table 1. Demographic data of the participants