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\begin{document}

\title{Incursions of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in Canada -- clinical,
molecular and epidemiological investigation}



\author[1]{Aruna Ambagala}%
\author[2]{Helen Schwantje}%
\author[3]{Sonja Laurendeau}%
\author[4]{Heindrich  Snyman}%
\author[4]{Tomy Joseph}%
\author[5]{Brad Pickering}%
\author[1]{Kathleen Hooper-McGrevy}%
\author[5]{Shawn Babiuk}%
\author[5]{Estella Moffat}%
\author[5]{Lindsey Lamboo}%
\author[5]{Oliver Lung}%
\author[5]{Melissa Goolia}%
\author[5]{Mathieu Pinette}%
\author[5]{Carissa Embury-Hyatt}%
\affil[1]{Canadian Food Inspection Agency}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[3]{Animal Health - Traceability and Terrestrial Animal Disease Control }%
\affil[4]{Animal Health Centre}%
\affil[5]{National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease}%


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  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) is a newly emerging Lagovirus
belonging to the family Caliciviridae. After its first discovery in 2010
in France, this highly pathogenic virus rapidly spread to neighboring
countries and has become the dominant strain, replacing the classical
RHDV1 strains. RHDV2 was first reported in North America in 2016 in
Mont-Joli, Quebec, Canada and it was reported again in 2018 and 2019 on
Vancouver, Island and the southeast mainland of British Columbia (BC).
The whole genome sequence of the RHDV2 Quebec isolate resembled the
RHDV-N11 isolate from Navarra, Spain identified in 2011 with 97\%
identity. The epidemiological investigation involved three hobby farms
and one personal residence. In December and February 2018, high
mortality was reported in first a private feral rabbit refuge and then,
a large colony of feral rabbits on the Vancouver Island University
Campus, Nanaimo, BC. The virus responsible showed only 93\% identity to
the Quebec RHDV2 isolate at the nucleotide level. Additional cases of
RHDV2 on Vancouver Island and on the BC mainland affecting feral,
captive domestic and commercial rabbits were reported subsequently.
Vaccination was recommended to control the outbreak and an inactivated
bivalent vaccine was made available to the private veterinary practices.
In June 2019 an isolated RHDV2 outbreak was reported in an apartment
building in Vancouver, BC. This virus showed only 97\% identity to the
RHDV2 isolate responsible for the BC outbreak in 2018 at the nucleotide
level suggesting that it was an independent incursion. In October 2020,
there are reports of partial recovery of the feral population in Nanaimo
and to date there are no confirmed deaths of native rabbit species in
BC.%
\end{abstract}%



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